Question

【题目】根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。
Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior.
One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards. Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study.
They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner's Dilemma. The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players. Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded the least. And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings. The study appeared last month in the journal Science.
The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse（虐待）. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children were aged two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children were aged five to nine. The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not.
The study says the IQs of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points. The more they are spanked, the slower their mental development.
（1）Which of the following is TRUE according to the second study?
A.Children's IQs have much to do with physical punishment.
B.The study is about violence and cooperation of children.
C.The children tested were divided into groups of four.
D.Children's mental development only relies on their IQs.
（2）What does the underlined word “spanked” refer to?
A.punished
B.blamed
C.tested
D.praised
（3）What might be the best title for the text?
A.The Best Way to Correct Misbehavior
B.Punishment Is the Best Way of Education
C.Cooperation Is the Most Successful Behavior
D.Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior?

Answer 1

【答案】
（1）A
（2）A
（3）D
【解析】最近的研究发现，惩罚不是影响行为的最佳途径。文章讲述了两组研究，一项涉及成人在奖励和惩罚的情况下的成就，另一项涉及儿童的行为，两项结构都表明奖励比惩罚对行为的影响更好。
（1）细节理解。由第四段Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not. 这两组儿童的父母使用体罚和没有使用。可知是研究孩子的智力和父母体罚的关系，故选A
（2）词义猜测。全文研究的是体罚和奖励，因此容易猜测spanked为惩罚之意。
（3）主旨大意。由全文可知 ，讲述的是Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior?奖励和惩罚对孩子的成长影响。