题目内容

Most people feel lonely sometimes, but it usually only lasts between a few minutes and a few hours. This kind of loneliness is not serious. In fact, it is quite normal. For some people, though, loneliness can last for years. Now researchers say there are three different types of loneliness.

The first kind of loneliness is temporary. This is the most common type. It usually disappears quickly and does not require any special attention. The second kind is situation, for example, family problem, the death of loved one, or moving to a new place. Although this kind of loneliness can cause physical problems, such as headaches and sleeplessness, it usually does not last for more than a year. The third kind of loneliness is the most serious. Unlike the second type, chronic (the opposite of “temporary”) usually lasts more than two years and has no specific cause. People who experience habitual loneliness have problems socializing and becoming close to others. However, many chronically lonely people think there is little or nothing they can do to improve their condition.

Psychologists agree that one important factor in loneliness is a person’s social contacts, for example, friends, family members, co-workers, etc. We depend on various people for different reasons. For instance, our families give us emotional support, our parents and teachers give us guidance, and our friends share similar interests and activities. However, psychologists have found that, though lonely people may have many social contacts, they sometimes feel they should have more. They question their popularity.

Psychologists are trying to find ways to help habitually lonely people for two reasons: they are unhappy and unable to socialize and there is a connection between chronic loneliness and serious illness such as heart disease, while temporary and situational loneliness can be a sad, and sometimes dangerous condition.

1. How would you treat temporary loneliness according to the passage? ________.

A. Just ignore it

B. Talk to friends

C. Go to see a doctor

D. Ask your teachers for guidance

2.Why do psychologists want to help chronically lonely people? ________

A. Chronic loneliness can cause family problems.

B. Chronic loneliness can not be overcome.

C. Chronic loneliness can cause serious illness.

D. Chronic loneliness is incurable.

3.Loneliness is divided according to _____.

A. different seasons when it appears

B. different people it happens to

C. the time it lasts

D. the places where it appears

4.What is the best title for the passage? ________

A. Loneliness and diseases

B. Three kinds of loneliness

C. Loneliness and social contacts

D. Chronic loneliness

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Buckingham Palace is where the Queen lives. It is the Queen’s official and main royal London home.

Buckingham Palace was originally a splendid house built by the Duke(公爵) of Buckingham for his wife. George IV began changing it into a palace in 1826. It has been the official London home of Britain’s royal family since 1837. Buckingham Palace is also an office and used for the administrative work of the royal family.

When the Queen is at home you can see her royal flag (the Royal Standard) flying from the flag pole on top of Buckingham Palace. The flag is divided into four equal parts. The first and fourth parts represent England and contain three gold lions waking on a red field; the second part represents Scotland and contains a red lion standing on a gold field; the third part represents Ireland and contains the gold coat of arms of Ireland on a blue field.

In flag protocol (礼仪), the Royal Standard which must only be flown from buildings where the Queen is present is supreme (至高无上的). It flies above the British Union Flag (the Union Jack), and other British flags. It never flies at half mast.

The guards of the Palace wear red jackets and tall, furry hats. When the first guards come on duty, there is a ceremony called the Changing of the Guard. A familiar sight at Buckingham Palace is the Changing of the Guard ceremony that takes place in the open space in front of it each morning.

The Palace has around 750 rooms, including 19 state rooms, 52 royal and guest bedrooms, 78 bathrooms, 92 offices, a cinema and a swimming pool. It also has its own post office and police station. About 400 people work at the Palace, including servants, chefs, footmen, cleaners, gardeners, electricians, and so on. More than 50,000 people come to the Palace each year as guests to dinners, receptions and Royal Garden Parties.

1. For whom was the original Buckingham Palace built?

A. The Duke of Buckingham. B. George IV.

C. The Duke of Buckingham’s wife. D. George IV’s wife.

2.According to the text, the Royal Standard_________.

A. is flown at Buckingham Palace every morning

B. represents the four countries of the UK

C. flies at half mast only on a few occasions

D. flies higher than the British Union Flag

3.When can a visitor see the Changing of the Guard ceremony?

A. Every morning and evening.

B. Every morning.

C. When the Queen’s flag is flying.

D. When a flag is flying at the Palace.

4.What is the last paragraph about?

A. What you can see inside Buckingham Palace.

B. The royal parties at Buckingham Palace.

C. The Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace.

D. People living and working at Buckingham Palace.

Homestay UK/Great Britain

Here you will find a selection of homestay hosts and host families in the UK.If you want to learn more about the British host family of your choice, please click on information at www.Homestaybooking.Com.You will then see a personal introduction of the UK homestay host.If you don’t want to search yourself, just register for free and receive our matching recommendations.

Chika and Tara from London, the United Kingdom

Information about the homestay host

Chika is 28 years old.She is away from home most of the time.Tara is 18 years old.She is at home every day.They both speak English.

Chika and Tara’s guests can stay for at least 5 nights and up to a maximum of 365 nights.Chika and Tara have no children living at home.It is a non-smoking residence(住宅).No pets live in this household.

Information about the homestay accommodation

The accommodation is in London.The name of the neighborhood is Greenwich.The distance to the city center is 1.6km.The next access point to public transport is at 15 m distance.

Three guests can stay in Tara and Chika’s house at the same time.The following accommodation is generally available:

Single room with shared use of the family bathroom

*Size: 12.0 ㎡

*Facilities: desk, Internet access, mirror, hairdryer and wardrobe(衣橱)

*Price per night per person: £20.00 per night(one single)

Twin room with shared use of the family bathroom

*Size: 15.0 ㎡

*Facilities: TV, desk, Internet access, mirror, hairdryer and wordrobe

*Price per night per person:

£20.00 per night(one guest)

£17.00 per night(two guests)

The room charge includes the following services: Internet access, regular room cleaning, breakfast, free use of the washing machine.

Additional available service at an extra charge: Pick-up service(£60.00 one-way); Lunch(£6.00 per person per day); Dinner(£6.00 per person per night)

Vegetarian(素食的) meals are available.

1.Chika and Tara’s house would be a good choice for _______.

A.a pet lover

B.a heavy smoker

C.a person who eats no meat

D.one who needs a one-night stay

2.What do we know about Chika and Tara’s house?

A.It lies in the center of the city.

B.It is not far away from Greenwich.

C.Public transport is convenient there.

D.The distance from the house to London is 1.6 km.

3.If Mary chooses a twin room and pick-up service(two-way), how much should she pay per day?

A.£140. B.£137. C.£80. D.£77

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Have you ever been so absorbed in a conversation at a party that you failed to notice that someone new is standing only six inches away from you, trying to get your attention? It’s possible that you were so distracted that you didn’t notice someone approaching you. But it’s also entirely likely that you were experiencing change blindness.

Change blindness is a phenomenon that occurs when a person is unable to notice visual changes in their environment, despite the fact that they are often rather obvious. In cases of change blindness, the person isn’t failing to notice small or insignificant changes, but will probably miss big changes, like someone standing next to them waving their hand.

Early experiments with change blindness focused largely on memory and perception when viewing pictures. For example, a person might be shown a photograph of a street scene in Egypt and told to memorize the image. Following that, they would be shown the same picture with certain elements added or taken away and asked to identify what’s different. Very often the individual could recall the larger aspects of the picture but couldn’t recognize the smaller changes.

In the 1990s, researcher Daniel Simons conducted a fascinating study into change blindness that many people find unbelievable. In Simons’ study, he asked participants to watch a video of a basketball being passed around between several people, with a particular focus on the basketball itself. When the experiment was over, Simons found that a large number of participants were so focused on watching the basketball being passed around that they failed to notice a man in a gorilla suit jumping around in front of the camera.

It’s important to note that the change in Simons’ video wasn’t subtle; the gorilla is very obviously taking up much of the frame. Simons concluded that participants were experiencing inattentional blindness, which is when a person fails to notice a major change because they are so focused on another task. In this case, because participants were asked to focus on the movement of the basketball, their brains prioritized that task in order to do it properly, thereby missing the other things happening in the video.

In the case of Simons’ study, participants engaged what’s referred to as attentional selection, which is when a person selects certain things to focus on in order to achieve a task and filters out anything that is unrelated to the objective.

There are a number of theories about what causes a person’s inability to recognize obvious changes in their environment, but most agree that the phenomenon is related to sensory processing. Broadly speaking, our brains have a limited capacity to detect and process everything in our environment. Instead, what the brain does is to choose certain things to process, evaluate, and store, which allows other things to be missed or filtered out.

In simple terms, change blindness has a great deal to do with where a person directs their attention. In the case of the gorilla and the basketball, people focused their attention almost exclusively on one thing, which caused them to miss other elements or changes. Given that attention is often at the root of change blindness, a person’s age or mental and physical health can influence how well they will notice changes in stimuli.

Change Blindness

1. of change blindness

Change blindness is a surprising perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a person recognizes minor changes in scenes while large changes go 2. .

Experiments with change blindness

●The main 3. of early experiments was memory and perception.

●Individuals were found to be4. at recalling the smaller details in the same picture previously shown to them.

Research in the 1990s

●In Simons’ study, participants were asked to pay special attention to the 5. basketball, during which time a man wearing a gorilla suit unexpectedly walked through the scene.

●Contrary to popular belief, with their attention fixed on the basketball, many participants reported that the “gorilla” 6. their notice.

●It is concluded that participants fail to recognize something big but unrelated to the objective when their brains are programmed to consider some task as a top 7. .

8. of change blindness

●The brain makes 9. about what to be dealt with because of its limited capacity.

●Although attention is closely10. to change blindness, age and health are other factors that play a role.

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