An experiment was carried out at British school into the performance of new pupils. At the start of the year, the pupils were each given a rating, ranging from “excellent prospect to “unlikely to do 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

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An experiment was carried out at British school into the performance of new pupils. At the start of the year, the pupils were each given a rating, ranging from “excellent prospect” to “unlikely to do well”. These were totally untrue ratings and did not reflect how well the pupils had previously performed. However, these ratings were given to the teachers. At the end of the year, the experimenters compared the pupils’ performance with the ratings. Despite their real abilities, there was an astonishingly high connection between performance and ratings. It seems that people perform as well as we expect them to.
The Self-fulfilling Effect is also known as the Pygmalion Effect. This comes from an old Greek story. The story was also the basis of George Bernard Shaw’s play “Pygmalion”, later turned into the musical “My Fair Lady”. In Shaw’s play, Professor Henry Higgins claims he can turn a Cockney flower girl, Eliza Doolittle into a duchess. But, as Eliza herself points out to Higgins’ friend Pickering, it isn’t what she learns or does that determines whether she will become a duchess, but how she’s treated.
The implication (含义) of the Pygmalion Effect for leaders and managers is massive. It means that the performance of your team depends less on them than it does on you. The performance you get from people is no more or less than what you expect, which means you must always expect the best. As Goethe said, “Treat a man as he is and he will remain as he is. Treat a man as he can and should be and he will become as he can and should be.”
【小题1】The underlined word in Paragraph 1 can be replaced by “_________”.

A．program

B．regulation

C．correction

D．classification

【小题2】What’s the passage mainly about?

A．A new scientific experiment.

B．The Self-fulfilling Effect.

C．Shaw’s play “Pygmalion”.

D．An improved teaching method.

【小题3】The experiment was made in order to _________.

A．try out a new teaching method

B．pick out the most excellent pupils

C．learn if expectations affect performance

D．give each pupil a proper rating

【小题4】What made Eliza change into a duchess according to Eliza herself?

A．Strict training from Higgins.

B．Her own strong will and hard work.

C．The proper way she was regarded.

D．Warm encouragement from Pickering.

【小题5】According to the Pygmalion Effect, if you want a man to finish a hard task in a short time, you should say, “_________”.

A．I’m sure you can make it	B．I will help you any time
C．It is as easy as pie	D．It doesn’t matter if you fail

【小题1】D
【小题2】B
【小题3】C
【小题4】C
【小题5】A

解析试题分析：本题介绍了心理学上的皮格马利翁效应，亦称“罗森塔尔效应(RobertRosenthal Effect)”或“期待效应”。暗示在本质上，是人的情感和观念，会不同程度地受到别人下意识的影响。人们会不自觉地接受自己喜欢、钦佩、信任和崇拜的人的影响和暗示。而这种暗示，正是让你梦想成真的基石之一……在本文中是指自我期待对我们人生的影响。
【小题1】D 推理题。根据第一段1,2行At the start of the year, the pupils were each given a rating, ranging from “excellent prospect” to “unlikely to do well”.说明该词是指给学生排名分类，从高到低顺序排列。故D项内容与之相符。
【小题2】B 主旨大意题。本题介绍了心理学上的皮格马利翁效应，亦称“罗森塔尔效应(RobertRosenthal Effect)”或“期待效应”。暗示在本质上，是人的情感和观念，会不同程度地受到别人下意识的影响。人们会不自觉地接受自己喜欢、钦佩、信任和崇拜的人的影响和暗示。而这种暗示，正是让你梦想成真的基石之一……在本文中是指自我期待对我们人生的影响，故B正确。
【小题3】C 推理题。本文第一段中的这个例子就是为了向我们说明人们的心理期待对人生的影响。那些分类排名本来并不正确，但是它给了人们心理暗示，就应该按照那个顺序来排名，最终的结果与最先的期待基本类似。这个例子正是为了向我们表明心理暗示即期待对人有很多的影响的。故C项正确。
【小题4】C 推理题。根据第二段最后两行But, as Eliza herself points out to Higgins’ friend Pickering, it isn’t what she learns or does that determines whether she will become a duchess, but how she’s treated.说明是她被如何对待的方式改变了结果。故C项正确。
【小题5】A 推理题。根据皮格马利翁效应，亦称“罗森塔尔效应(RobertRosenthal Effect)”或“期待效应”。暗示在本质上，是人的情感和观念，会不同程度地受到别人下意识的影响。人们会不自觉地接受自己喜欢、钦佩、信任和崇拜的人的影响和暗示。而这种暗示，正是让你梦想成真的基石之一……说明如果我们要成功就要自己一定的心理暗示，故你要完成一个艰巨的任务，要对自己说我一定能行。故A项正确。
考点：考查心理学方面的短文阅读
点评：本题介绍了心理学上的皮格马利翁效应，亦称“罗森塔尔效应(RobertRosenthal Effect)”或“期待效应”。暗示在本质上，是人的情感和观念，会不同程度地受到别人下意识的影响。人们会不自觉地接受自己喜欢、钦佩、信任和崇拜的人的影响和暗示。而这种暗示，正是让你梦想成真的基石之一……在本文中是指自我期待对我们人生的影响。要根据文章的中心思想即自我期待对人生会产生很大的影响，仔细的审题，并根据选项和文本内容作出适当的延伸判断。

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　I found out one time that doing a favor for someone could get you into a lot of trouble. I was in the eighth grade at the time, and we were having a final test. During the test, the girl sitting next to me whispered something, but I didn’t understand. So I leaned over her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen. She showed me that hers was out of ink and would not write. I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.

Later, after the test papers had been turned in, the teacher asked me to stay in the room when all the other students were dismissed（解散）. As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up; she talked about how important it was to stand on your own two feet and be responsible (负责任) for your own acts. For a long time, she talked about honesty and emphasized（强调） the fact that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating（欺骗） themselves. She made me promise that I would think seriously（认真地） about all the things she had said, and then she told me I could leave. I walked out of the room wondering why she had chosen to talk to me about all those things.

Later on, I found out that she thought I had cheated on the test. When she saw me lean over to talk to the girl next to me, it looked as if I was copying answers from the girl’s test paper. I tried to explain about the pen, but all she could say was it seemed very very strange to her that I hadn’t talked of anything about the pen the day she talked to me right after the test. Even if I tried to explain that I was just doing the girl a favor by letting her use my pen, I am sure she continued（继续） to believe that I had cheated on the test.

The story took place（发生） exactly ____ .

A. in the teacher’s office B. in an exam room

C. in the school D. in the language lab

The girl wanted to borrow a pen, because ____ .

A. she had not brought a pen with her B. she had lost her own on her way to school

C. there was something wrong with her own D. her own had been taken away by someone

The teacher saw all this, so she asked the boy ____ .

A. to go on writing his paper B. to stop whispering

C. to leave the room immediately D. to stay behind after the exam

The thing(s) emphasized in her talk was(were) ____ .

A. honesty B. sense of duty C. seriousness D. all of the above

The boy knew everything ____ .

A. the moment he was asked to stay behind B. when the teacher started talking about honesty

C. only some time later D. when he was walking out of the room

Tick, tock, tick, tock. I’m sitting here, watching the movements of my existence pass slowly away. My house has been 36 for such a long time，and I’m lonely and forgotten. Sitting here, by myself, all that I can do is 37 and think about my past. I could tell you stories that only 38 would know. But walls can’t speak.

I came to this place many years ago，along with an old man…. 39 , he was with me for on1y three short years before he passed on….

For a time, I was left alone, while people came and 40 the house…. Then, one day a nice couple moved in with a young son. 41 , their son Danny liked to stay with me, and I was completely 42 with him. He always looked as if he loved the stories I told, most of which began with. ‘‘Back in my day…” and ‘‘When I was 43 .…” I sometimes had the kind of idea that he didn’t really understand what I was saying, but it felt good to be 44 . When Danny went off to college，my heart broke. Soon afterward, 45 sold the house.…

New owners came and 46 . Then, One day it so happened that I was in when a new family was moving into the house. You can’t even imagine my 47 when, unexpectedly, Danny walked through the front door. He had a 48 and kids now. I was so overjoyed when I saw him that I put all my 49 into my daily activities. ... I spent the next twenty years watching his kids grow up, with a mixture of pride and 50 about what would happen next.

The kids finally became 51 and Danny sold the house. That was about five years ago…. Some of the local kids have started the rumor that the house is haunted（闹鬼的）--- and, in a way, it is. It is haunted by 52 of all the people who have lived in it. Every second has 53 me so much. I have been 54 them all day and they are almost up for me.... I hope that someday somebody will 55 me, and drop in on me again. Maybe then I’ll get a new home and an opportunity for a whole new set of memories.

A. crowded B. empty C. painted D. sold

A. look back B. enjoy food C. have a dream D. chat with friends

A. friends B. learners C. neighbors D. walls

A. Luckily B. Happily C. Sadly D. Surprisingly

A. looked at B. settled in C. bought in D. sold out

A. At last B. At one time C. In the end D. From the beginning

A. tired B. friendly C. taken D. fond

A. older B. healthier C. better D. younger

A. loved B. told C. disliked D. believed

A .Danny B. I C. his parents D. the old man

A. settled B. went C. lived D. greeted

A. pity B. pride C. surprise D. sadness

A. friend B. daughter C. son D. wife

A. energy B. time C. life D. ideas

A. happiness B. dream C. anxiety D. disappointment

A. old B. impatient C. adults D. tired

A. families B. furniture C. houses D. memories

A. impressed B. surprised C. encouraged D. inspired

A. putting B. copying C. recalling D. taking

A. call B. remember C. visit D. attend

When 47-year-old volunteer Susan Boyle stepped onto the stage of Britain’s Got Talent and announced she was unemployed, had never been married and “never been kissed, actually”, few in the audience would have wondered why. This Ms Boyle, looking unfashionable, from a village in Scotland, shocked the three judges and the audience with the song I dreamed a dream from the musical Les Miserables on a show of Britain’s Got Talent, one of the hottest reality shows in Britain.

She couldn’t hide the awkwardness when walking to the center of the stage in a housedress, and everyone — including the judges — seemed laughing at her when she said she wanted to be as successful as Elaine Paige. As soon as she began singing, however, everyone in the auditorium fell silent, then rose within seconds to applaud her incredible voice as the celebrity judges sat open-mouthed, and remained standing to the end.

After her performance, one of the judges Piers Morgan said, “Without doubt that was the biggest surprise I’ve had in three years of this show. When you stood there everyone was laughing at you. No one is laughing now. That was amazing.” Actress Amanda Holden followed, “I’m so thrilled because I know that we everybody were against you. I honestly think that we were all being very cynical (愤世嫉俗的) and I think that’s the biggest wake up call ever.”

Susan obviously won over the hearts of millions around the world with sensation spreading across the Atlantic. Hollywood actors Ashton Kutcher and Demi Moore — who between them have nearly 1.5 million followers — speak highly of her. Kutcher posted a link to the video clip (片段). The Scottish talent made her live American debut via satellite connection on CBS’s The Early Show, doing an interview and singing live from her room. And she already accepted an invitation from talk show host Oprah Winfrey.

Now Boyle has become one of the world’s hottest celebrities. The video clip of her performance has been viewed more than 50 million times on Youtube, becoming a hit on the Internet.

We learn from the passage that Susan Boyle ______.

A. rose from a low social class

B. had an unhappy marriage

C. lived with a dog alone on a farm

D. won the championship in the Britain’s Got Talent show

At the beginning of the show, almost everybody ______.

A. looked forward to her wonderful performance

B. was attracted by her beautiful dress

C. looked down upon her

D. placed great hope on her

We can infer that ______ contributed most to her global popularity.

A. the judges B. the Internet C. the newspaper D. the advertisement

The 4^th paragraph intends to tell us ______.

A. how Susan Boyle achieved her success

B. the comment made by American actor Ashton Kutcher

C. Susan Boyle’s influence in the USA

D. Oprah Winfrey’s invitation to Susan Boyle

Self-employed private physicians who charge a fee for each patient visit are the foundation of medical practice in the United States. Most physicians have a contract relationship with one or more hospitals in the community. They send their patients to this hospital, which usually charges patients according to the number of days they stay and the facilities(operating room, tests, medicines that they use). Some hospitals belong to a city, a state or, in the case of veteran's hospitals, a federal government agency. Others are operated by religious orders(教会) or other non-profit groups.

Some medical doctors are on salary. Salaried physicians may work as hospital staff members, or residents, who are often still in training. They may teach in medical schools, be hired by corporations to care for their workers or work for the federal government's Public Health Service.

Physicians are among the best paid professionals in the United States. In the 1980s, it was not uncommon for medical doctors to earn incomes of more than $ 100 000 a year. Specialists, particularly surgeons, might earn several times that amount. Physicians list many reasons why they deserve to be so well rewarded for their work. One reason is the long and expensive preparation required to become a physician in the United States. Most would be physicians first attend college for four years, which can cost nearly $ 20 000 a year at one of the best private institutions. Prospective physicians then attend medical school for four years. Tuition alone can exceed $ 10 000 a year. By the time they have obtained their medical degrees, many young physicians are deeply in debt. They still face three to five years of residency(实习阶段) in a hospital, the first year as an apprentice physician. The hours are long and the pay is relatively low.

Setting up a medical practice is expensive, too. Sometimes several physicians will decide to establish a group practice, so they can share the expense of maintaining an office and buying equipment. These physicians also take care of each other's patients in emergencies.

Physicians work long hours and must accept a great deal of responsibility. Many medical procedures, even quite routine ones, involve risk. It is understandable that physicians want to be well rewarded for making decisions which can mean the difference between life and death.

1. According to the passage, it is very unlikely that an American hospital is owned by _______.

A. a church B. a corporation C. a city D. a state

2. The expenses for becoming a doctor are spent on _______.

A. schooling and retraining B. practice in a hospital

C. facilities he or she uses D. education he or she receives

3. According to the passage, how long does it take for a would-be physician to become an independent physician in the USA?

A. About seven years. B. Eight years.

C. Ten years. D. About twelve years.

4. Sometimes several physicians set up a group medical practice mainly because _______.

A. there are so many patients that it is difficult for one physician to take care all of them

B. they can take turns to work long hours

C. facilities may be too much of a burden for one physician to shoulder

D. no one wants to assume too much responsibility

5. Which of the following statements could fully express the author's view towards physicians’ payment in the USA?

A. For their expensive education and their responsibility, they deserve a handsome pay.

B. It is reasonable for physicians to have a large income because their work is very dangerous.

C. Physicians should be better paid because they work long hours under bad conditions.

D. Physicians have great responsibility, so it is understandable that they should be well rewarded.

NEW YORK - People who keep doing some work in their field after they retire may enjoy better physical and mental health than those who stop work completely or switch to another area of work, according to a U.S. study.

Researchers from the University of Maryland said the findings suggest that prospective retirees should consider moving into so-called "bridge employment" as a transition to full retirement.

"In essence, if someone is in a field where part-time work or self-employment is possible, he or she should consider it as they plan for retirement," researcher Dr. Mo Wang, an assistant professor of psychology, told Reuters Health.

For their study, Wang and his colleagues used data on more than 12,000 workers in a U.S. health study begun in 1992. Participants, who were between the ages of 51 and 61 at the outset, were surveyed every two years over a six-year period.

Overall, Wang's team found, people who went into some form of bridge employment reported lower rates of major diseases like high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes and arthritis during the study period than their counterparts who went straight into full retirement.

The findings were not explained by older age or worse initial health among people who opted for full retirement, the investigators report in the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology.

On top of their better physical health, "bridge" workers also tended to report fewer mental health problems, such as depression.

The same mental health benefits were not seen, however, when retirees took part-time work in other fields -- possibly, Wang said, because many of these people may have taken those jobs out of financial need rather than choice.

He noted that the lack of benefit could also stem from the fact that these retirees had to adjust to an unfamiliar job position or had to make lifestyle changes.

Bridge work, particularly in one's accustomed field, may benefit physical and mental health for a number of reasons, according to Wang.

In general, he explained, such work may help older adults maintain the active lifestyles they had during their careers and decrease any stress they might feel from the transition into retirement. wwwWang said when it comes to mental health, for instance, bridge work may help by allowing people to keep some of the "role identity" that they have formed over their careers.

Staying active in general, not only through work, can also benefit retirees' physical health, Wang noted. He added, however, that any mental health benefits are likely to depend on the type of activity -- whether it is something that the person truly enjoys, and that helps ease any stress of moving into retirement.

"These findings," Wang said, "suggest that for retirees and prospective retirees, carefully considering whether to engage in bridge employment -- and if so, what types of bridge employment -- is quite important."

What does the underlined phrase “at the outset” mean?__________

A. at least B. at least C. at the beginning D. at last

People who went into some form of bridge employment have less chances to get the following diseases, EXCEPT___________.

A. arthritis B. heart disease C. diabetes D. low blood pressure

Which of the following statement is WRONG?_________

A. As long as retirees move into “bridge employment”, they must be healthier than those who do not.

B. The participants in the study were between 51 and 61 years old.

C. The bridge workers are also less likely to get depression.

D. Staying active is beneficial to the retirees’ physical health.

What can we infer from the passage?________

A. The study was begun in 1992 and lasts for two 6-year periods

B. If a bridge worker is older than 61 years old, it does not mean that he will get a better health than others who enjoy full retirement.

C. Only by moving into “bridge employment” can the retirees enjoy better health both physically and psychologically.

D. Any activity can benefit the retirees’ mental health.

Which is the best title of the passage?

A. A US study

B. Bridge Work

C. Working after retiring can be good for your health

D. Stay active

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