题目内容
11.A four-year-old girl sees three biscuits divided between a stuffed crocodile and a teddy bear.The crocodile gets two; the bear one."Is that fair?"asks the experimenter.The girl judges that it is not."How about now?"asks the experimenter,breaking the bear's single biscuit in half.The girl cheers up:"Oh yes,now it's fair.They both have two."Strangely,children feel very strongly about fairness,even when they hardly understand it.Adults care about fairness too---but how much?One way to find out is by using the ultimatum (最后通牒) game,created by economist Werner Guth.Jack is given a pile of money and proposes how it should be divided with Jill.Jill can accept Jack's"ultimatum",otherwise the deal is off,and neither gets anything.
Suppose Jack and Jill don't care about fairness,just about accumulating cash.Then Jack can offer Jill as little as he likes and Jill will still accept.After all,a little money is more than no money.But imagine,instead,that Jack and Jill both care only about fairness and that the fairest outcome is equality.Then Jack would offer Jill half the money; and Jill wouldn't accept otherwise.
What happens when we ask people to play this game for real?It turns out that people value fairness a lot.Anyone offered less than 20-30% of the money is likely to reject it.Receiving an unfair offers makes us feel sick.Happily,most offers are pretty equitable; indeed,by far the most common is a 50-50split.
But children,and adults,also care about a very different sort of (un)fairness,namely cheating.Think how many games of snakes and ladders have ended in arguments when one child"accidentally"miscounts her moves and another child objects.But this sense of fairness isn't about equality of outcome:games inevitably have winners and losers.Here,fairness is about playing by the rules.
Both fairness-as-equality and fairness-as-no-cheating matter.Which is more important:equality or no-cheating?I think the answer is neither.The national lottery(彩票),like other lotteries,certainly doesn't make the world more equal:a few people get rich and most people get nothing.Nevertheless,we hope,it is fair---but what does this mean?The fairness-as-no-cheating viewpoint has a ready answer:a lottery is fair if it is conducted according to the"rules".But which rules?None of us has the slightest idea,I suspect.Suppose that buried in the small print at lottery HQ is a rule that forbids people with a particular surname (let's say,Moriarty).So a Ms Moriarty could buy a ticket each week for years without any chance of success.
How would she react if she found out?Surely with anger:how dare the organisers let her play,week after week,without mentioning that she couldn't possibly win!She'd reasonably feel unfairly treated because .
To protest(抗议) against unfairness,then,is to make an accusation of bad faith.From this viewpoint,an equal split between the crocodile and the bear seems fair because (normally,at least),it is the only split they would both agree to.But were the girl to learn that the crocodile doesn't like biscuits or that the bear isn't hungry,I suspect she'd think it perfectly fair for one toy to take the whole.Inequality of biscuits (or anything else) isn't necessarily unfair,if both parties are happy.And the unfairness of cheating comes from the same source:we'd never accept that someone else can unilaterally(单方面地) violate agreements that we have all signed up to.
So perhaps the four-year-old's intuitions(直觉) about fairness is the beginnings of an understanding of negotiation.With a sense of fairness,people will have to make us acceptable offers (or we'll reject their ultimatums) and stick by the (reasonable) rules,or we'll be on the warpath.So a sense of fairness is crucial to effective negotiation; and negotiation,over toys,treats etc,is part of life.
65.It can be inferred that in the ultimatum game,C.
A.Jack keeps back all the money
B.Jill can negotiate fair division with Jack
C.Jack has the final say in the division of money
D.Jill has no choice but to accept any amount of money
66.From Paragraph 2to 4,we can concludeA.
A.people will sacrifice money to avoid unfairness
B.fairness means as much to adults as to children
C.something is better than nothing after all
D.a 30-70split is acceptable to the majority
67.Which of the following does fairness-as-no-cheating apply to?C
A.divisions of housework
B.favoritism between children
C.banned drugs in sport
D.schooling opportunities
68.Which of the following best fits in the blank in Paragraph 7?D
A.the lottery didn't follow the rules
B.she was cheated out of the money
C.the lottery wasn't equal at all
D.she would never have agreed to those rules
69.The chief factor in preventing unfairness is toA.
A.observe agreements
B.establish rules
C.strengthen morality
D.understand negotiation
70.The main purpose of the passage is toB
A.declare the importance of fairness
B.suggest how to achieve fairness
C.present different attitudes to fairness
D.explain why we love fairness.
分析 本文介绍孩子需要公平,成人也需要公平,如何获得公平,遵守规则,按规则行事才能获得公平.
解答 65-70 CACDAB
65.C 细节理解题.根据第二段Jack is given a pile of money and proposes how it should be divided with Jill.Jill can accept Jack's"ultimatum"及第三段可知,在"最后通牒"这个游戏中,Jack掌握着钱的最终分配权.故选C.
66.A 推理判断题.根据第四段Happily,most offers are pretty equitable; indeed,by far the most common is a 50-50 split可知,大部分人更倾向于公平,最普遍的就是五五分.故选A.
67.C 推理判断题.根据第五段games inevitably have winners and losers.Here,fairness is about playing by the rules和第六段Both fairness-as-equality and fairness-as-no-cheating matter可知,"fairness-as-no-cheating公平为无作弊"适用于体育比赛(在运动中禁止药物).故选C.
68.D 推理判断题.根据第六段Both fairness-as-equality and fairness-as-no-cheating matter.Which is more important:equality or no-cheating?I think the answer is neither可知,作者认为公平和不欺骗都不重要,排除B、C项,根据The fairness-as-no-cheating viewpoint has a ready answer:a lottery is fair if it is conducted according to the"rules"说明彩票也是按规则行事的,排除B项.故选D.
69.A 推理判断题.根据倒数第二段we'd never accept that someone else can unilaterally violate agreements that we have all signed up to可知,预防不公平的发生在于遵守人们之间达成的协议.故选A.
70.B 主旨大意题.通读全文,主要介绍如何获得公平.故选B.
点评 人物故事类阅读理解文章是高考英语常考材料之一.这类文章一般可分为人物传记和短篇故事两类.这两类阅读材料一般较长,即词数多,而且命题也较多,特别是推理判断题和事实细节题多.在做此类阅读理解题时往往是材料看得懂,题目不好做的感觉.因此,在阅读材料时要重点放在事情发展的过程和结果上,注意把握事件的发展进程及人物之间的关系,细节与主题的关系,用以说明人物性格特点的事实、作者的态度等,这些内容往往是推理判断题的命题点.至于事实细节题的解答,同学们切忌想当然或者凭印象,一定要找到文章中的原句,和题干进行比较,再做出正确选择.
A. | discussed | B. | to discussion | C. | discussing | D. | being discussed |
The phrase"people-oriented"is generally used to (54)B something that vaguely represents a company where everyone is pleasant and happy.It's fun to work there,everyone likes his or her job and each employee is (55)D well and fairly.Know any companies like that?People-oriented is a traditional and unclear phrase that needs (56)A to make sure your definition is the same as the company's and that you can spot a (57)B if there is one.
So what do you mean by people-oriented?Do you want a company that promotes from within and doesn't (58)C gathering at the water cooler?A company where management makes a practice of being (59)B?A place where customers are of great (60)A both in philosophy and actuality,or one that is involved in its community and requires each (61)B to join or participate in a specific event once or twice each year?When you look closer at what this phrase means to you,you'll discover that some aspects are more important to you than others.Knowing what you mean by this phrase gives you the power to discover if the company's (62)C is the same as yours.
Why bother leaving a message that may not be (63)D for days when you can reach someone instantly with a text or instant message?That seems to be increasingly dominant viewpoint,anyway.When texting and instant messaging for (64)A needs,keep in mind some tips from workplace and career experts.
Marla Harr,a business etiquette consultant and trainer,says that when relying on texting and messaging for work,you should (65)B that the person you want to send a text message wants to receive and communicate in that way.
51.A.efficiency | B.enthusiasm | C.qualification | D.contribution |
52.A.phenomenon | B.issue | C.extreme | D.disadvantage |
53.A.illegally | B.subjectively | C.regularly | D.equally |
54.A.exchange | B.convey | C.provide | D.promote |
55.A.trained | B.honored | C.complimented | D.treated |
56.A.defining | B.restricting | C.analyzing | D.summarizing |
57.A.feature | B.difference | C.distance | D.principle |
58.A.concern about | B.look into | C.disapprove of | D.charge with |
59.A.attractive | B.accessible | C.aggressive | D.accurate |
60.A.importance | B.benefit | C.emphasis | D.conscience |
61.A.employer | B.employee | C.customer | D.participant |
62.A.regulation | B.explanation | C.definition | D.opinion |
63.A.launched | B.released | C.revised | D.checked |
64.A.business | B.privacy | C.public | D.secret |
65.A.recall | B.ensure | C.inform | D.remind |