题目内容
【题目】“Kill the fool!” “Murder the referee!”
These are common remarks one may hear at various sporting events. At the time they are made, they may seem innocent enough. But let’s not kid ourselves. They have been known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed. Volumes have been written about the way words affect us. It has been shown that words having certain connotations may cause us to react in ways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior. I see the term “opponent” as one of those words. Perhaps the time has come to delete it from sports terms.
The dictionary meaning of the term “opponent” is “adversary” “enemy”; “one who opposes your interests.” Thus, when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate one’s intellect, and every action, no matter how gross, may be considered justifiable. I recall an incident in a handball game when a referee refused a player’s request for a time out for a glove change because he did not consider them wet enough. The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet T-shirt and then exclaimed. “Are they wet enough now?”
In the heat of battle, players have been observed to throw themselves across the court without considering the consequences that such a move might have on anyone in their way. I have also witnessed a player reacting to his opponent’s international and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play. Off the court, they are good friends. Does that make any sense? It certainly gives proof of a court attitude which departs from normal behavior.
Therefore, I believe it is time we elevated the game to the level where it belongs there by setting an example to the rest of the sporting world. Replacing the term “opponent” with “associate” could be an ideal way to start.
The dictionary meaning of the term “associate” is “colleague”; “friend”; “companion.” Reflect a moment! You may soon see and possibly feel the difference in your reaction to the term “associate” rather than “opponent.”
【1】Which of the following statements best expresses the author’s view________?
A. Aggressive behavior in sports can have serious consequences.
B. The words people use can influence their behavior.
C. Unpleasant words in sports are often used by foreign athletes.
D. Unfair judgments by referees will lead to violence on the sports field.
【2】Harsh words are spoken during games because the players ________.
A. are too eager to win
B. are usually short-tempered and easily offended
C. cannot afford to be polite in fierce competition
D. treat their rivals as enemies
【3】What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves______?
A. He refused to continue the game.
B. He angrily hit the referee with a ball.
C. He claimed that the referee was unfair.
D. He wet his gloves by rubbing them across his T-shirt.
【4】The author hopes to have the current situation in sports improved by ________.
A. appealing to players to use clean language on the court
B. raising the referee’s sense of responsibility
C. changing the attitude of players on the sports field
D. regulating the relationship between players and referees
【答案】
【1】B
【2】D
【3】D
【4】C
【解析】
试题分析：文章主要讨论的是语言对行为的影响这一问题。类似于“宰了那个白痴”、“杀了裁判”这样的话常常出现在各种体育赛事中。
【1】细节理解题。根据第二段“They have been known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed...words...may cause us to react in ways quite foreign”可知，言语会对人们的行为产生影响，故选B。
【2】细节理解题。根据第三段““opponent” is “adversary” “enemy”...when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy”可知，“opponent”的意思是“对手、敌人”，比赛时，运动员把竞争对手当作了敌人，故选D。
【3】细节理解题。根据第三段“The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet T-shirt”可知，那个运动员把手套在体恤衫上摩擦来把它弄湿，故选D。
【4】推理判断题。根据“Replacing the term “opponent” with “associate” could be an ideal way to start...You may soon see and possibly feel the difference in your reaction”可知，作者希望用“associate”来代替“opponent”，因为“associate”的意思是“同事、朋友、伙伴”，这样有助于改变运动员对待对手的态度，故选C。
【题目】Observational Learning: To See Is to Know
A group of psychologists, led by Albert Bandura, developed social learning theory, which emphasizes the fact that much learning occurs in a social context. This kind of learning, which results simply from observing and imitating the behavior of others, is called observational learning. Observational learning helps people acquire proper behavior in their families and cultures. By watching others, we learn how to greet people, eat, laugh and tell jokes. Do you still remember your first few days in senior grade one? By watching others, you learned how people talked to each other, what clothes were “fashionable,” and how to interact with instructors.
With modeling, you observe others’ behavior, and then none, some, or all of the behavior may be learned and repeated, or modified. In one of Bandura’s classic studies, children were divided into three groups: One group watched an adult beating up a Bobo doll, one group watched an adult ignoring the Bobo doll, and the third didn’t see an adult at all. After being mildly frustrated by being placed in a room with toys, but not being allowed to play with some of them, all of the children were then placed in another room with a variety of toys, including a Bobo doll. Children in the first group tended to imitate what they had seen, mistreating the doll (and inventing new ways to abuse it).
Researchers have discovered that several characteristics of models can make learning through observation more effective. Not surprisingly, the more you pay attention to the model, the more you learn. You are more likely to pay attention if the model is an expert, is good looking, has high status, or is socially powerful. Second, by watching others, we learn about what behavior is appropriate for people like ourselves, so models who are seen as similar are more readily imitated. All students need to see successful, capable models who look and sound like them.
Then, as teachers, how can you apply observational learning? Here are a few guidelines. Above all, model the behavior and attitudes you desire your students to learn. For example, show enthusiasm for the subject you teach. Be willing to demonstrate both the mental and the physical tasks you expect the students to perform. Second, use peers, especially class leaders, as models. For example, in group work, pair students who do well with those who are having difficulties. Third, you may seek the help of class leaders in modeling behavior. Examples include letting high-status students lead an activity when you need class cooperation or when students are likely to be reluctant at first.
Observational Learning: To See Is to Know | |
【1】__________ and application of observational learning | Observational learning is learning that occurs through 【2】 ________ and imitation of others. |
Observational learning helps people learn how to behave 【3】_______ in their families and cultures. | |
Models and their 【4】_________ | Models are the people who present behavior for you to imitate. |
Bandura’s study shows that if children observe an adult beating up a doll, they will become 【5】 __________. | |
Characteristics of models that make observational learning more effective. | Children are more 【6】__________ to imitate models who are experts, good looking, powerful and have high status. |
Models 【7】_________ to ourselves promote observational learning. | |
How to use observational learning in【8】________ | Modeling the【9】 ________ behaviors and attitudes is an important approach. |
Using peers, especially class leaders, as models is another method. | |
【10】_________ the help of class leaders in modeling behavior is also a good choice. | |