【题目】Hybrid cars (混合动力车) are cars that run on petrol and electricity. They have a small standard petrol engine and a battery (电池) electric motor to provide electric power.

There are some differences between different models of hybrid cars, but the general principle is that the car runs on petrol, and the electric motor kicks in when additional power is required, for example, when going uphill or accelerating. In some hybrid cars the petrol engine turns itself off when not needed, for example when the car has stopped at traffic light, keeping only the electric engine running.

Conventional cars have large engines to deal with driving uphill and accelerating. Hybrid cars have much smaller petrol engines, improved by electric motors when needed, so they use less petrol. Another way that fuel consumption is cut is by a system of "regenerative (再生的) braking". The electric motor is used to slow down the car, rather than conventional brakes. The energy produced by slowing the car is changed into electrical power, which is automatically stored in the battery. In effect, the battery recharges when you brake. In conventional cars the energy produced when braking is wasted.

In 1928 Ferdinand Porsche built an experimental hybrid car. The first mass-produced hybrid car, the Toyota Prius, came out in Japan at the end of 1997. However, hybrid cars became available in the USA only in 1999. As they use less fuel, hybrid cars are cheaper to run. There are also many voices in place to encourage people to buy them. In some countries, hybrid car owners pay a lower rate of tax, and don't have to pay on certain roads. In some cities, hybrid cars are allowed to park for free.

【1】 Hybrid cars consume less energy than conventional cars because hybrid cars _____.

A. have large engines to deal with accelerating

B. have conventional brakes to slow down the car

C. have electric power to assist when needed

D. have no energy consumption when stopping

【2】 In regenerative braking, _____.

A. energy wasted in conventional cars is stored in the battery

B. the conventional brakes are used to slow down the car

C. the battery charges itself when the car is accelerating

D. the petrol engine is usually turned off automatically

【3】From the last paragraph we can learn that Hybrid cars ____.

A. were first available in the USA

B. will gain more popularity

C. free their owners from tax

D. are free to park anywhere in the city

【4】 The main purpose of this text is to_____.

A. show haw hybrid cars slow down

B. encourage people to buy hybrid cars

C. inform people a kind of energy-saving cars

D. explain why hybrid cars use less energy

【题目】A dense wave of smog began in the Chinese city of Harbin and the surrounding Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning Provinces on 20 October 2013. Unseasonably warm temperatures with very little wind across northeastern China coincided with the smoke from local farmers’ burning straws and the start-up of Harbin’s coal-powered central heating system.

Record densities of fine particulates(微粒)were measured in the city. In Harbin, the levels of PM2.5 (particulate matter) rise to 1,000 micrograms per cubic meter, worse than Beijing’s historic highs.Visibility was reduced to below 50m in parts of Harbin, and below 500m in most of the neighbouring Jilin Province. On Fa Yuen Street in Harbin, visibility of less than 5m was reported. The smog reduced after October 23, 2013 and completely broke up on October 28, 2013 by the first local snow and icy rain due to a cold front moving in from Russia.

Harbin lies in the north of China where winter temperatures can drop to -40, demanding a six-month heating season. Daily particulate levels of more than 40 times the World Health Organization recommended maximum level were reported in parts of Harbin. The smog remained till 23 October, when almost all monitoring stations in Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning Provinces reported readings above 200μg/mfor PM2.5. PM 2.5 is the amount of particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter in the air, with the WHO recommending a maximum 24-hour mean (平均值) of 25 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m).On the morning of 25 October, PM2.5 measurements in Harbin had fallen to an average of 123μg/m.

All highways in the surrounding Heilongjiang Province were closed. In Harbin, all primary and middle schools were closed for three days and authorities stopped flights at the airports. Hospitals reported a 23 percent increase in admissions for breathing problems. However, this smog will have no influence on Harbin Ice Festival events later in December 2013.

Air pollution in Chinese cities is of increasing concern to China’s leadership. Particulates in the air can affect human health and also have influences on climate and rainfall. Pollution from the burning of coal has reduced life expectancy by 5.5 years in the north of China, as a result of heart and lung diseases.

【1】One cause of the heavy smog in the northeastern Chinese cities may be _____.

A.the lasting cold weather

B.farmers’ burning of forests

C.too much strong wind

D.the start-up of heating system

【2】One serious influence of the heavy smog was that_____.

A.Harbin Ice Festival would be cancelled

B.highways in Heilongjiang were free of charge

C.all flights at the airport were cancelled

D.doctors in hospitals were kept from working

【3】The harmful smog was most serious on ______.

A.October 20 B.October 23

C.October 25 D.October 28

【4】What measure might be practical to reduce the happening of heavy smog?

A.Forbidding people to own their private cars.

B.Advocating people having one meal a day.

C.Using natural gas to cook instead of coal.

D.Encouraging family’s coal-fired heating.

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