题目内容
2．Talk to yourself．It may be obvious，but the best way to get better at a language is to speak it．Even if there is no one around to speak to，talk to yourself．Name things as you pass them-chair，television，cat，tree，school．Learn basic phrases like-"it is cold today"or"it is sunny today"and use whichever is appropriate when you first look out of the window．This simple language learning tip will help this everyday vocabulary sink in and become second nature．
Talk to friends．
Even if they don't speak the language，talk to the people you know in your new language．Warm them in advance that you are practicing your new knowledge and they will know what's coming．Even a simple"good morning"or"see you later"in your new language will make those phrases more natural to you．Your friends may even start to pick up a few phrases as well．
Listen to music．
Listen to music in your new language．You'll hear the language used in a real context and this will help you pick out the rhythm and the pronunciation even better．You will also come to further understand and better appreciate the culture behind the language．
Make mistakes．
The easiest language learning tip to try!Go ahead and speak and write!Don't be afraid to make mistakes，because I guarantee you will!In fact，you will learn so much from your mistake as you will learn from your success．Never let the fear of making any mistakes hold you back．Without making any mistakes，how will you ever to be fluent or even comfortable with the language？
Find a language club．
When you are ready，try to find a language club in your area．Speaking with other people who have already gone through or are still going through the process of learning the language can be extremely helpful．They will give you lots of language learning tips and helpful advice．
47．If you want to keep everyday vocabulary in your mind，you'd betterB．
A．try to find a language club in your area
B．talk to yourself and name things as you pass them
C．not to be afraid to make mistakes
D．listen to music in your new language
48．According to the passage，we knowA．
A．the more mistakes we make，the more fluent our English might be
B．"talking to yourself"is the best way to learn a language
C．if someone doesn't speak your new language，you should not practice with them
D．not all language clubs are helpful
49．You will master the usage of your new language if youCaccording to your material．
A．talk to yourself
B．talk to friends
C．listen to music
D．find a language club
50．The main idea of this passage isC．
A．the more practice，the better your English will be
B．practicing speaking English in different ways
C．language learning tips
D．some advice on English learning．
分析 本文属于说明文阅读，作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了5种有效的学习语言的方法：和你自己说话，和朋友交谈，听音乐，犯错误，找一个语言俱乐部．
解答 47．B．细节理解题．根据文章第一段"help this everyday vocabulary sink in and become second nature．""Name things as you pass them"可知，同自己说话，或者在经过事物的时候说他们的名字，可以帮助你记住很多词汇．故选B．
48．A．细节理解题．根据文章第四段"Without making any mistakes，how will you ever to be fluent or even comfortable with the language？"你不会犯任何错误，你如何会说一口流利的语言，可知，犯错越多，我们的语言就会越流利．故选A．
49．C．细节理解题．根据文章第三段"You'll hear the language used in a real context"可知，听音乐可让你掌握语言的运用．故选C．
50．C．推理判断题．文章首段"This simple language learning tip"尾段"They will give you lots of language learning tips and helpful advice．"都提到了"language learning tip"这一关键词，可推测文章主要在讲语言的学习技巧．故选C．
点评 考察学生的细节理解和推理判断能力，做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句，和题干进行比较，再做出正确的选择．在做推理判断题不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实，要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断．
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| A． | that | B． | who | C． | which | D． | what |
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14．The Bystander Effect
The term bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present，the less likely people are to help a person in distress．When an emergency situation occurs，observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses．Being part of a large crowd makes it so no single person has to take responsibility for an action （or inaction）．
The most frequently cited example of the bystander effect in introductory psychology textbooks is the brutal murder of a young woman named Catherine"Kitty"Genovese．On Friday，March 13，1964，28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work．As she approached her apartment entrance，she was attacked and stabbed by a man later identified as Winston Moseley．
Despite Genovese's repeated calls for help，none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police to report the incident．The attack first began at 3：20AM，but it was not until 3：50AM that someone first contacted police．
While Genovese's case has been subject to numerous misrepresentations and inaccuracies，there have been numerous other cases reported in recent years．The bystander effect can clearly have a powerful impact on the general conduct of people in a society，but why exactly does it happen？Why don't we help when we are part of a crowd？
There are several factors that contribute to the bystander effect．First，the presence of other people creates a diffusion of responsibility．Because there are other observers，individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action，since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present．
The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways．When other observers fail to react，individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate．Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to intervene if the situation is ambiguous．In the case of Kitty Genovese，many of the 38witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a"lover's quarrel，"and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered．
Characteristics of the situation can play a role．During a crisis，things are often chaotic and the situation is not always crystal clear．Onlookers might wonder exactly what is happening．During such chaotic moments，people often look to others in the group to determine what is appropriate．When people look at the crowd and see that no one else is reacting，it sends a signal that perhaps no action is needed．
So what can you do to avoid falling into this trap of inaction？Some psychologists suggest that simply being aware of this tendency is perhaps the greatest way to break the cycle．When faced with a situation that requires action，understanding how the bystander effect might be holding you back and consciously taking steps to overcome it can help．However，this does not mean you should place yourself in danger．
But what if you are the person in need of assistance？How can you inspire people to lend a hand？One often-recommended tactic is to single out one person from the crowd．Make eye contact and ask that individual specifically for help．By personalizing and individualizing your request，it becomes much harder for people to turn you down．
The term bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present，the less likely people are to help a person in distress．When an emergency situation occurs，observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses．Being part of a large crowd makes it so no single person has to take responsibility for an action （or inaction）．
The most frequently cited example of the bystander effect in introductory psychology textbooks is the brutal murder of a young woman named Catherine"Kitty"Genovese．On Friday，March 13，1964，28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work．As she approached her apartment entrance，she was attacked and stabbed by a man later identified as Winston Moseley．
Despite Genovese's repeated calls for help，none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police to report the incident．The attack first began at 3：20AM，but it was not until 3：50AM that someone first contacted police．
While Genovese's case has been subject to numerous misrepresentations and inaccuracies，there have been numerous other cases reported in recent years．The bystander effect can clearly have a powerful impact on the general conduct of people in a society，but why exactly does it happen？Why don't we help when we are part of a crowd？
There are several factors that contribute to the bystander effect．First，the presence of other people creates a diffusion of responsibility．Because there are other observers，individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action，since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present．
The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways．When other observers fail to react，individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate．Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to intervene if the situation is ambiguous．In the case of Kitty Genovese，many of the 38witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a"lover's quarrel，"and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered．
Characteristics of the situation can play a role．During a crisis，things are often chaotic and the situation is not always crystal clear．Onlookers might wonder exactly what is happening．During such chaotic moments，people often look to others in the group to determine what is appropriate．When people look at the crowd and see that no one else is reacting，it sends a signal that perhaps no action is needed．
So what can you do to avoid falling into this trap of inaction？Some psychologists suggest that simply being aware of this tendency is perhaps the greatest way to break the cycle．When faced with a situation that requires action，understanding how the bystander effect might be holding you back and consciously taking steps to overcome it can help．However，this does not mean you should place yourself in danger．
But what if you are the person in need of assistance？How can you inspire people to lend a hand？One often-recommended tactic is to single out one person from the crowd．Make eye contact and ask that individual specifically for help．By personalizing and individualizing your request，it becomes much harder for people to turn you down．
| The Bystander Effect | |
| Passage outline | Supporting details |
| Concept of the bystander effect | The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others keeps an individual from becoming （71）involved/engaged in an emergency situation． It is obvious that the bystander effect can greatly influence（72）socialbehavior． |
| Typical example | In 1964，a young woman named Genovese met with violence and her life was （73）endangered/threatened outside her apartment，while bystanders who observed the crime did not step in to assist or call the police． |
| （74）Explanations/Reasons for the bystander effect | Individuals are less likely to take action or feel a sense of （75）responsibility in front of a large group of people． Before deciding to offer help，observers may want to make（76）sure/certain that it is appropriate to react．Besides，there is a natural （77）tendency for people to follow the crowd before the situation is clear． |
| （78）Prevention/Precautions/Avoidance of the bystander effect | You should realize or know the （79）existenceof the bystander effect and take measures to get rid of it． When in need of help，you should （80）choose/select/pick one from the crowd，which Will increase your chance of getting your request across and being helped． |
11．As a writer，I like ______ when people send me pictures of their lovely children reading my books．（ ）
| A． | this | B． | that | C． | one | D． | it |
1．When _______ a job，you should highlight your experience and skills．（ ）
| A． | applying to | B． | applied to | C． | applying for | D． | applied for |