If you can find a tree which has been cut down,you will see many rings,or circles,on the base of the trunk.By learning to read these rings,you can find out about the tree's life.

The number of rings tells you how old the tree is.Each year,new wood is formed on the outside of the tree.This new wood is light in color when the tree is growing in spring and summer,and dark in winter when the tree is not growing much.So,if you count the rings of dark?or?light colored wood,you can often find out how old the tree is.

You can also tell which years have been good years and which years have been bad years.When the light?colored rings are very wide,it means that the tree has been growing quickly that year.If the rings are narrow,it has been growing slowly.If the rings on a tree trunk were greatly magnified,you would be able to see why the rings are light?colored when the tree is growing quickly and dark?colored when the tree is growing slowly.The tree trunk is made up of microscopic tubes,like some pipes,carrying water from the soil,through the trunk,and up to the leaves.They are wide and thin?walled when the tree is growing quickly and they are carrying a lot of water.They are narrow and stuck together when the tree is not growing so quickly.

When a tree is old,the tubes in the centre of the tree don't carry water.The walls of the tubes have become thick with materials which have stuck along them over the years,forming a kind of wood called“heartwood”.This kind of wood is darker in color than the young,growing wood on the outside of the tree.

You don't very often see whole tree trunks which have been cut across.But once you learn to read a cross section of the wood,you can see much more in wood which has been used to make boxes,houses and other things.

In most wood,instead of seeing the trunk cut across,you are seeing it cut along its length.Because you don't see the whole tree,you can't tell how old it is.

Title:1.of a Tree

General information

Old trees

Items

Facts

Items

Facts

Where can rings be seen

On the 2.of a trunk

The tubes in the centre of the tree

Don't carry water

The3.of rings

Helps us know about its age

The walls of the tubes

Become

4.

Form 5.

6.light?colored rings

Show the tree grows quickly

Narrow7.

rings

Mean the tree grows slowly

Microscopic tubes

Function

Carry8.

Features

Wide and 9.when growing quickly

Narrow and stuck together when growing 10.

Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers. Then again, teenagers have______feelings about their parents, saying that it is not easy living with them. According to a recent research, the most common ________ between parents and teenagers is that regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks. On the one hand, parents go mad over ________ rooms, clothes thrown on the floor and their children’s refusal to help with the ________. On the other hand, teenagers lose their patience continually when parents blame them for ________ the towel in the bathroom, not cleaning up their room or refusing to do the shopping at the supermarket.

The research, conducted by St. George University, shows that different parents have different _________ to these problems. However, some approaches are more __________ than others. For example, those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness, but _______ clean the room for them, have fewer chances of changing their children’s ________. On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience the ________ of their actions can do better. For example, when teenagers who don’t help their parents with the shopping don’t find their favorite drink in the refrigerator, they are forced to ________ their actions.

Psychologists say that ______ is the most important thing in parent-child relationships. Parents should ______to their children but at the same time they should lend an ear to what they have to say. Parents may ______ their children when they are untidy but they should also understand that their room is their own private space. Communication is a two-way process. It is only by listening to and ______ each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.

1.A. natural B. strong C. guilty D. similar

2.A. interest B. argument C. link D. knowledge

3.A. noisy B. crowded C. messy D. locked

4.A. homework B. housework C. problem D. research

5.A. washing B. using C. dropping D. replacing

6.A. approaches B. contributions C. introductions D. attitudes

7.A. complex B. popular C. scientific D. successful

8.A. later B. deliberately C. seldom D. thoroughly

9.A. behavior B. taste C. future D. nature

10.A. failures B. changes C. consequences D. thrills

11.A. defend B. delay C. repeat D. reconsider

12.A. communication B. bond C. friendship D. trust

13.A. reply B. attend C. attach D. talk

14.A. hate B. scold C. frighten D. stop

15.A. loving B. observing C. understanding D. praising

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