World leaders from nearly 200 countries have signed an important historic agreement to fight global climate change. The agreement came after two weeks of talks between the leaders at the 21st Conference in Paris, France.

As part of the Paris agreement, countries said they would cut down on pollution However, according to the terms of the deal, countries that don’t do this will not be punished, or fined. Instead,the document is meant to show that governments around the world take climate change seriously and are willing to work together to fight global warming.

World leaders have met many times to discuss climate change. But, the 21st Conference of Parties, or COP21, which began on November 30 in Paris, was the first time they agreed on a global, legal pact (协定).

Before the conference, each nation was asked to create plans on how to reach the shared goal. The pact that was signed allows countries to decide the best way to cut down their gas pollution. No matter how they decide to go green, each country must report honestly on all of their efforts. Every five years, nations must look at the work they’ve done and submit new plans on how they will improve over the next five years.

In the pact, the countries pledge(承诺)to limit the amount of greenhouse gases emitted(排放) by human activity to the levels that trees,soil and oceans can absorb naturally. It urges countries to spend trillions of dollars on creating new energy sources, like solar and wind power. It also requires countries to raise at least $ 100 billion each year to help developing countries.

However, critics of the pact say it is not detailed enough, and doesn’t include specifics about how the plan will be enforced and how improvements will be measured. The pact does include one large, specific goal: how countries will aim to keep global temperatures from rising more than 3. 60℉(20℃) by 2100.

Nonetheless,the agreement is considered by many world leaders to be a major victory. The U. N. has been working more than two decades to convince governments to work together to reduce man-made emissions.

“History will remember this day,” U. N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said. “The Paris agreement on climate change is a monumental success for the planet and its people.”

1.When was the legal pact probably passed?

A. On November 30. B. On December 4.

C. On December 8. D. On December 12.

2.According to the agreement, countries_________ .

A. have to give a yearly report about their work

B. will be published if they fail to reduce pollution

C. are required to ensure investment in fighting pollution

D. should try to reach the agreed standard in five years

3.What is each country required to do before the Paris conference?

A. Provide a work plan. B. Give an oral explanation.

C. Provide a large amount of money. D. Give a written assessment.

4.The pact is thought to be imperfect because_______.

A. it doesn’t consider developing countries

B. it is not detailed enough

C. it is not attractive to all countries

D. it only benefits some countries

Last night it was still light out when I returned home from work. My new neighbors and his son were in their favorite place, outside in the yard, playing baseball. The young boy always reports to me how many "home runs" he hits and I always clap and cheer for him.

These guys are special. Where you see one of them, the other is not far away. The dad is always talking with the child face to face, focusing on the child… not talking on a cellphone or walking ahead of the boy so that he has to run to keep up with him. This guy is really great. It warms my heart to see a father and son enjoying each other's company like they do.

As they were returning to their upstairs apartment, I asked the dad if his son had a bike. The boy was far ahead and couldn't hear us. He said no. I wasted no time trekking to the store and I was beside myself with excitement as I picked up a new bike in a style that most kids like. I loaded the bike into my car carefully and off I went.

At home, I took out the bike and carried it upstairs to their apartment and left it outside the door. Not an easy task for a 50-year-old woman! About five minutes later, they were at my door, with the boy dancing up and down with excitement. I told the dad that I needed to get rid of a bike that I was storing for a friend, and he was happy to take it from me. Now the two of them have another activity they can do together.

I told the dad how proud I was of him for valuing quality time with his son. It's something the boy will remember throughout his life. For me, it's one of life's pleasure to see them together.

1.We can infer from the text that .

A. the young boy was a reporter

B. the author was moved by the father and the son

C. the dad was a baseball player

D. the author returned the bicycle to the father

2.The underlined word “trekking” in the third paragraph probably means “ ”.

A. losing one’s way B. making a decision

C. making a journey D. buying in secret

3.What do we know about the bike?

A. It was a gift for the boy bought by the author.

B. It belonged to the author’s friend.

C. The dad bought it for his son as a gift.

D. The boy would join in a bike game with it.

4.What would be the best title for the text?

A. An exciting moment in the yard

B. A kind lady

C. Pleasant memories with my neighbors

D. Father’s Day

Last Sunday, I was sitting in a French restaurant enjoying a meal when I got on a phone call from a friend I hadn’t spoken to in a long time. In my enthusiasm and excitement, I talked quite louder than usual voice and in Spanish, my mother tongue.

A few minutes into the call, an old lady sitting at the table beside mine got up, seemingly offended, and asked the restaurant staff to relocate (重新安排) a table as far away as possible from this man who seemed to be impolite.

I sank in my seat out of embarrassment. I ended the call soon afterwards and felt the urge to apologize. Before getting up, I looked around to see where she was and she was at the table farthest away from me. I noticed that the lady was alone and staring out of the window. I found a tinge (气息) of sadness or anxiety and perhaps a desire for aloneness and peace. But I had obviously destroyed it minutes earlier.

Right then I abandoned my plan for a conventional apologetic gesture. Seeing those funny smile cards in my wallet, I took one out and wrote some words to express my apology. On signing my restaurant bill, I asked a waiter to secretly charge the lady’s meal to me and hand her the smile card instead of her bill.

Did she take it the wrong way, I wondered? Did she get confused? Did she refuse the anonymous (匿名的) offer? And so on. I just waited and felt nervous to learn the outcome. To my pleasant surprise, things turned out the best possible way.

The waiter approached me in a joy, telling me, “In the many times she had dined here before, I had never seen the old lady smile as she did when receiving the smile card and the $ 0 bill. She thanked me even though I explained that someone else did the job.”

1.The old lady changed her seat mainly because of _________.

A. the author’s loud voice

B. her private phone call

C. the views out of the window

D. the restaurant staff’s mistake

2.What can we infer from Paragraph 3?

A. The lady didn’t have a nice mood and liked to stay alone.

B. The author went up to the old lady and apologized to her.

C. The old lady just moved to the farthest table to see outside.

D. The author didn’t stop talking though he felt embarrassed.

3.Which of the following is the best title of this passage?

A. An Old Lady Who Never Smiles

B. A Smile Card for a Sincere Apology

C. An Unpleasant Experience in France

D. A Misunderstanding Caused by Different Cultures

When we know somewhere well,we say we “know it like the back of our hand”. But new research has shown that we don’t actually know as much about our hands as we think we do.

Wider and shorter

Professor Matthew Longo at the University of London and his team did an experiment, covering the left hands of 100 people. Then they asked the people to point to where they thought their fingertips and knuckles (指关节) were. They made some quite big mistakes.

“People think their hand is wider than it actually is,” said Longo. The fingers also seem shorter than they are. This mistake gets worse as you go across the hand from the thumb to the little finger.

Sense of position

It is connected to our sense of position,” explained Longo. This is our ability to tell where different parts of our bodies are, even when we can’t see them. “It tells us whether a joint is straight, or not” he said. It also tells us whether we are going up or down in an elevator. All this information comes from signs from nerves in real time. It’s like our brain has maps — maps that show the size and shape of our body. “This experiment tried to find those maps,” said Longo.

Strength(强度) of feeling

But these maps make mistakes. These mistakes may be made because of how the brain understands different parts of the skin. “Our brains ‘see’ areas as larger where the skin feels touch strongly,” said Longo. Body parts don’t appear as their true size, but appear bigger or smaller depending on how strongly they feel touch. Our lips, for example, have more nerves than our nose. So brain “sees” lips on its map of the body as being bigger than our nose. The same thing happens for other parts of the body that have lots of nerves.

Longo believes that more research in this area may help us to understand eating problem better, because people suffering from these problems may not know their bodies properly.

1.Which of following statement is TRUE about the experiment according to the article?

A. People think their body parts are larger than they actually are.

B. People made more mistakes about their little fingers length than their thumbs’ length.

C. People’s fingers are actually shorter than they think.

D. People were asked to draw their hands from memory

2.What does the underlined “it” in Paragraph 4 refer to?

A. The new experiment. B. The location information.

C. The mistake people made. D. The sizes of fingers and hands.

3.We can learn from the article that ________.

A. the maps of people’s bodies form before they are born

B. the maps of our body are based on information from nerves

C. our sense of position tells how different parts of the body work

D. how we feel about our body shape is only decided by our sense of position

4.We can infer from the article that ________.

A. the hand feels touch more strongly than fingers do

B. our lips have a weaker sense of touch than our nose

C. there are more nerves in the finger than in the hand

D. our sense of position should not be trusted because it is too often incorrect

Riding School

You can start horse-riding at any age. Choose private or group lessons any weekday between 9 am and 8 : 30 pm (3 : 30 pm on Saturdays). There are 10 kilometers of tracks and paths for leisurely rides across farmland and open country. You will need a riding hat.

Opening Hours : Monday through Friday : 9 : 00 am---8 : 30 pm

Phone : (412) 396-6644 Fax : (412) 396-6752

Sailing Club

Our Young Sailor’s Course leads to the Stage 1 Sailing qualification. You’ll learn how to sail safely and the course also covers sailing theory and first aid. Have fun with other course members, afterwards in the club-room. There are 10 weekly two-hour lessons.

Opening Hours : Tuesdays : 6 : 00 pm---8 : 00 pm

Phone : (412) 396-6644 Fax : (412) 396-6644

Diving Center

Our experienced instructors offer one-month courses in deep-sea diving for beginners. There are two evening lessons a week, in which you learn to breathe underwater and use the equipment safely. You only need a swimming costume and towel. Reduced rates for couples.

Opening Hours: Monday and Friday 6:30 pm---8:30 pm

Phone : (412) 396-6312 Fax : (412) 396-6706

Medical Center

The staff(全体职工) of the Medical Center aim to provide convenient and comprehensive medical care for students and staff of the university. The center is well equipped and the staff here are trained to deal with common medical problems. All staff here are available for consultation. Also, all kinds of medicines are sold here and are cheaper for students than other drugstores.

Opening Hours: 24 hours from Monday to Sunday

Phone : (412) 396-6649 Fax : (412) 396-6648

Water-sports Club

We use a two-kilometer length of river for speedboat racing and water-skiing. A beginners’ course is made up of ten 20-minute lessons. You will learn to handle boats safely and confidently, but must be able to swim. The club is open daily from 9 am to 4 pm, with lessons all through the day.

Opening Hours : Monday through Sunday : 9 : 00 am---4 : 00 pm

Phone : (412) 396-6899 Fax : (412) 396-6890

1.If you want to experience activities in the countryside, you may fax_____________.

A. (412) 396-6706 B. (412) 396-6648 C. (412) 396-6890 D. (412) 396-6752

2.When can you attend your lessons if you want to explore the ocean depths?

A. Monday through Friday : 7 : 00 pm---10 : 00 pm.

B. 24 hours from Monday to Sunday.

C. On Monday and Friday : 6 : 30 pm---8 : 30 pm.

D. On Tuesdays : 6 : 00 pm---8 : 00 pm.

3.What convenience can the Medical Center provide?

A. A certificate in medicine. B. Reduced rate for groups.

C. Nursery for newly-born babies. D. Various less expensive medicines.

Great white sharks! Just hearing that name makes many people’s hair stand on end. In reality, these big fish have more to fear from us than we do from them. For many years, people killed countless great white sharks in the waters around the United States.

But thanks to conservation (protection) efforts, great whites are making a comeback in the U.S. Two recent studies show that the population of these sharks is rising along the east and west coast.

Why is the growing population of a killer fish something to celebrate? “When you fish too many of them, you start to lose balance in the environment,” says shark researcher Tobey Curtis. As the biggest killer, sharks help keep the populations of fish, seals, and other creatures they eat from growing too large.

In spite of their importance, great white sharks had long been hunted for their meat and their fins (鳍). Then, in 1997, the U.S. government passed a law that didn’t allow the hunting of great whites. Afterwards, the numbers of these sharks in the U.S. waters started to increase.

The law wasn’t the only thing that has helped great whites. Conservationists have also played a part in the sharks’ comeback. The research group OCEARCH is using a method called tagging (加标签) to help change people’s attitudes about great white. They let the public follow each shark as it travels the world’s oceans. OCEARCH also gives each tagged shark a name to help people form a closer connection with the big fish.

The group’s most well-known shark is named Katharine. She was tagged last year near Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Since then, thousands of people have tracked Katharine’s movements on Twitter and the OCEARCH website.

This helps people see sharks in a new way. Chris Fischer, the founder of OCEARCH believes learning to appreciate great whites will encourage people to do more to protect them.

1.The underlined part “makes many people’s hair stand on end” in Paragraph 1 can best be replaced by_____.

A. worries many people B. bores many people

C. interests many people D. frightens many people

2.The main purpose of the passage is to _____.

A. introduce an experiment result

B. inform us that great whites are making a comeback

C. make an advertisement for OCEARCH

D. remind us that big killers are dying out

3.The law passed in 1997 _____.

A. seemed very helpful B. helped the sharks by tagging them

C. let scientists down D. made people like great whites

4.Katharine’s example is used to show that _____.

A. great whites are in fact lovely animals

B. the OCEARCH website has a lot of visitors

C. OCEARCH help people get closer to great whites

D. the number of great whites is growing quickly

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