题目内容
12.Prosocial behaviors are those intended to help other people.Behaviors that can be described as prosocial include feeling empathy(同感) and concern for others and behaving in ways to help or benefit other people.Prosocial behavior has long posed a challenge to social scientists seeking to understand why people engage in helping behaviors that are beneficial to others,but costly to the individual performing the action.Why would people do something that benefits someone else but offers no immediate benefit to the doer?
Psychologists suggest that there are a number of reasons why people engage in prosocial behavior.In manycases,such behaviors are fostered during childhood and adolescence as adults encourage children to share,act kindly,and help others.Prosocial behaviors are often seen as being compelled by a number of factors including egoistic reasons (doing things to improve one's self-image),reciprocal benefits (doing something nice for someone so that they may one day return the favor),and more altruistic reasons (performing actions purely out of empathy for another individual).
Characteristics of the situation can also have a powerful impact on whether or not people engage in prosocial actions.The bystander effect is one of the most notable examples of how the situation can impact helping behaviors.The bystander effect refers to the tendency for people to become less likely to assist a person in distress when there are a number of other people also present.For example,if you drop your purse and several items fall out on the ground,the likelihood that someone will stop and help you decreases if there are many other people present.This same sort of thing can happen in cases where someone is in serious danger,such as when someone is involved in a car accident.In some cases,witnesses might assume that since there are so many other people present,someone else will have surely already called for help.
Why do people help in some situations but not in others?Experts have discovered a number of different situational variables that contribute to (and sometimes interfere with) prosocial behaviors.First,the more people that are present decreases the amount of personal responsibility people feel in a situation.People also tend to look to others for how to respond in such situations,particularly if the event contains some level of ambiguity.Fear of being judged by other members of the group also plays a role.People sometimes fear leaping to assistance,only to discover that their help was unwanted or unwarranted.In order to avoid being judged by other bystanders,people simply take no action.
Experts have suggested that some key things must happen in order for a person to take action.
61.Prosocial behaviors are motivated for all the following reasons EXCEPTB.
A.empathy for another individual
B.instant benefits of helping others
C.parental influences in the early life
D.the desire to better one's self-image
62.What does the underlined word"distress"in the fourth paragraph mean?D
A.peace
B.despair
C.comfort
D.trouble
63.Which situation can be described as the bystander effect?A
A.When hearing an injured lady crying for help,the neighbors didn't take action.
B.Seeing an old man slipping on the icy road,many people volunteered to help.
C.A woman was to give birth on the train and you were the only doctor there.
D.On the scene of your colleague's traffic accident,you called the police for help
64.After the last paragraph,the most possible topic could beD.
A.possible benefits of prosocial behavior
B.various reasons for prosocial behavior
C.situational influences on prosocial behavior
D.skills and knowledge to provide assistance.
分析 文章介绍了Prosocial behaviors 产生的原因以及旁观者效应,并建议我们当别人有困难要及时帮助.
解答 61-64 BDAD
61.B 细节题.在第三段提到了很多人Prosocial behaviors 的原因有:improve one's self-image、out of empathy、during childhood and adolescence as adults encourage children to share,即提高自我形象、出于同情、在童年时被父母鼓励,只有B没有提到.
62.D 猜测词意题.根据The bystander effect refers to the tendency for people to become less likely to assist a person in distress when there are a number of other people also present可知,盘观者效应让很多人不太可能去帮助那些处于困难中的人,所以此处的distress指trouble,故选D.
63.A 细节题.在第四段中witnesses might assume that since there are so many other people present,someone else will have surely already called for help.当目击者认为现场的其他人肯定会帮助的,所以就产生了旁观者效应,只有选项A符合该场景,故选A.
64.D 细节题.根据最后一段Experts have suggested that some key things must happen in order for a person to take action专家建议在采取措施前,一些关键的事情必须做,所以下文应该介绍如何帮助人的一些技巧,故选D.
点评 在做阅读理解时,考生可快速阅读短文,通读测试题,明确考察点,在对应细读,加快做题速度.有时间还可以复查校对答案.