题目内容

19.Call it the learning paradox:the more you struggle and even fail while you're trying to learn new information,the better you're likely to recall and apply that information later.
The learning paradox is at the heart of"productive failure,"a phenomenon identified by researcher Manu Kapur points out that while the model adopted by many teachers when introducing students to new knowledge providing lots of structure and guidance early on,until the students show that they can do it on their own makes intuitive sense,it may not be the best way to promote learning.Rather,it's better to let the learners wrestle with the material on their own for a while,refraining from giving them any assistance at the start.In a paper published recently,Kapur applied the principle of productive failure to mathematical problem solving in three schools.
With one group of students,the teacher provided strong"scaffolding"--instructional support and feedback.With the teacher's help,these pupils were able to find the answers to their set of problems.Meanwhile,a second group was directed to solve the same problems by cooperating with one another,without any hints from their instructor.These students weren't able to complete the problems correctly.But in the course of trying to do so,they generated a lot of ideas about the nature of the problems and about what potential solutions would look like.And when the two groups were tested on what they'd learned the second group"significantly outperformed"the first.
The apparent struggles of the second group have what Kapur calls a"hidden efficacy":they lead people to understand the deep structure of problems,not simply their correct solutions.When these students meet with a new problem of the same type on a test,they're able to transfer the knowledge they've gathered more effectively than those who were the passive recipients of someone else's expertise.
In the real world,problems rarely come neatly packaged,so being able to discern their deep structure is key.But,Kapur notes,none of us like to fail,no matter how often Silicon Valley entrepreneurs praise the beneficial effects of an idea that fails or a start-up company that crashes and burns.So we need to"design for productive failure"by building it into the learning process,Kapur has identified three conditions that promote this kind of beneficial struggle.First,choose problems to work on that"challenge but do not frustrate."Second,provide learners with opportunities to explain and elaborate on what they're doing.Third,give learners the chance to compare and contrast good and bad solutions to the problems.And to those students who protest this tough-love teaching style:you'll thank me later.
59.Why does the author call the learning process a paradox?C
A.Pains do not necessarily lead to gains.
B.What is learned is rarely applicable in life.
C.Failure more often than not breeds success.
D.The more is taught,the less is learned.
60.What does Kapur disapprove of in teaching?C
A.Asking students to find and solve problems on their own.
B.Developing students ability to apply what they learn.
C.Giving students detailed guidance and instruction.
D.Allowing students a free hand in problem solving.
61.What kind of problem should be given to students to solve according to Kapur?D
A.It should be able to encourage collaborative learning.
B.It should be easy enough so as not to frustrate students.
C.It should be solvable by average students with ease.
D.It should be difficult enough but still within their reach.
62.What can be expected of this tough-love teaching style?A
A.Students will be grateful in the long run.
B.Teachers will meet with a lot of resistance.
C.Parents will think it too harsh on their kids.
D.It may not be able to yield the desired results.

分析 本文是一篇科教类阅读,主要介绍了学习悖论的一些研究及如何设计"富有成效的失败".

解答 59:C事实细节题.文章第一段提到,在试图学习新信息时.努力挣扎甚至失败越多,日后就越有可能回忆起并应用这些信息.由此可知,失败通常会孕育成功,故答案为C.
60:C考查细节推理,根据第二段The learning paradox is at the heart of"productive failure,"a phenomenon identified by researcher Manu Kapur points out that while the model adopted by many teachers when introducing students to new knowledge providing lots of structure and guidance early on,until the students show that they can do it on their own makes intuitive sense,it may not be the best way to promote learning. Kapur指出,很多老师学生井述新知识时,最开始都会给予学生大量的周密安排和指导直到学生能独立完成.虽然这种模式从廣观上看似乎有道理,但并不是促进学习最好的方式.由此可知,Kapur不赞成给予学生详细的指导,故答案为C.
61:D考查细节推理,根据第五段第五句 First,choose problems to work on that"challenge but do not frustrate."首先,选择解决那些"既有挑战性,又不会令人沮丧"的问题.由此可知,Kapur认为应选择那些足够难,但却在学生能力范围内的问题,故答案为D.
62:A考查细节推理,根据第五段最后一句And to those students who protest this tough-love teaching style:you'll thank me later.给那些抗议这种恩威并施的教学方式的学习者一句话:你们以 后会感谢我的.由此可知,从长远来看,学生会感激这种恩威并施的教学方式,故答案为A.

点评 本文是一个社会文化类阅读理解,题目涉及多道细节理解题,做题时结合原文和题目有针对性的找出相关语句进行仔细分析,结合选项选出正确答案.推理判断题也是要在抓住关键句子的基础上合理的分析才能得出正确答案,切忌胡乱猜测,一定要做到有理有据.

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9.It is often assumed that people with parents who lived to be very old are more likely to live to a grand old age themselves.
"But that's just not true-our study shows that hereditary factors don't play a major role and that lifestyle has the biggest impact."says professor Lars Wilhelmsen,referring to the 1913 Men Study that formed the basis of the current research.
Those who did not smoke,consumed mild amou nts of coffee and had a good socio-economic status at the age of 50 (measured in terms of housing costs),as well as good?physical working ability at the age of 54 and low cholesterol (胆固醇) at 50 had the greatest chance of celebrating their 90th birthday.
"We're breaking new ground here."says Wilhelmsen."Many of these factors have previously been identified as playing a role in cardiovascular(心血管的 )disease,but here we are showing for the first time that they are important for survival in general,"
He believes that it is significant that the research illustrates so clearly that it is the sum of our own habits that has the biggest impact.
"The study clearly shows that we can influence several of the factors that decide how old we get,"says Wilhelmsen."This is positive not only for the individual,but also for society as it doesn't need any major drug costs,"
The study has been published in the Journal of Internal Medicine.
The 1913 Men study started up in 1963. A third of all male 50-year-old in Gothenburg were called for a check-up that focused on cardiovascular health. Every ten years since,a new group of 50-year-old has been called in and those who were already taking part in the study have been given another check-up. This has enabled researchers to follow the development of illnesses in a specific age group,and to compare the health of 50-year-old in 2003 with that of 50-year-old in 1963,for example. Women have also been included in the study since 2003. Data have been studied over the years. including BMI (体质指数),smoking habits,cholesterol,exercise habits and blood pressure,
The men born in l913 were examined when they were 50,54,60,67,75 and 80. Of the 855 men who took part in the study from the start,?111?(13%) were still alive at the age of 90.
Over the years the material has brought out many research articles. An interesting result came in 2008 when researchers were able to show that the drop in the number of smokers,combined with lower cholesterol levels and lower blood pressure,between 1963 and 2003 could offer an explanation for the marked downturn in the number of heart attacks during this 40-year period.
55. Which of the following statements is true'?C
A.Socio-economic status determines how healthy we are.
B.Cholesterol plays an important role in keeping us alive.
C.The amount of coffee consumption has an effect on our health.
D.How long we can live depends on how long our parents lived.
56.The 1913 Men Study helps us to realize that.A
A.we can do something to lengthen our life  
B. we don't need to take drugs for our diseases
C. we can always predict how long we can live
D. we need to balance the numbers of men and women
57.The earlier men involved in the 1913 Men Study were examined inBfor the second time.
A.1917      B.1967       C.1923        D.1973
58. From the article we can infer thatD.
A.more men than women are in the habit of smoking
B.scientists began to study men's habits in the year 1913
C.women tend to Live a longer life than man because of their good lifestyle
D.heart attack is related to smoking,cholesterol take-in and blood pressure.
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F.Without these two,it is almost impossible for you to be successful.
G.In everything you do you should have a high level of self-confidence.

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