Question

6．Youth sport has the potential to accomplish three important objectives in children's development．First，sport programs can provide youth with opportunities to be physically active，which can lead to improved physical health．Second，youth sport programs have long been considered important to youth's psychosocial development，providing opportunities to learn important life skills such as cooperation，discipline，leadership，and self-control．Third，youth sport programs are critical for the learning of motor skills； these motor skills serve as a foundation for future national sport stars and recreational adult sport participants．When coachers develop activities for youth practices and when sport organizations design youth-sport programs，they must consider the implication of deliberate play and deliberate practice．
Research from Telama （2006）states that regular participation in deliberate play or deliberate practice activities during childhood and youth （ages nine to eighteen） increases the likelihood of participation in sports during adulthood by six times for both males and females．C?té （2002）defines deliberate play activities in sport as those designed to maximize enjoyment．These activities are regulated by flexible rules adapted from standardized sport rules and are set up by the children or by an involved adult．Children typically change rules to find a point where their game is similar to the actual sport but still allows for play at their level．For example，children may change soccer and basketball rules to suit their needs and environment （e．g．in the street．on a playing field or in someone's backyard）．When involved in deliberate play activities，children are less concerned with the outcome of their outcome of their behavior．（whether they win or lose） than with the behavior．（having fun）．
On the other hand，Ericsson （1993）suggests that the most effective learning occurs through involvement in highly structured activities defined as deliberate practice．Deliberate practice activities require effort，produce no immediate rewards，and are motivated by the goal of improving performance rather than the goal of enjoyment．When individuals are involved in deliberate play，they experiment with different combinations of behaviors，but not necessarily in the most effective way to improve performance．In contrast，when individuals are involved in deliberate practice，they exhibit behavior．focused on improving performance by the most effective means available．For example，the backhand skills in tennis could be learned and improved over time by playing matches or by creating fun practice situations．However，players could more effectively improve their backhand performance by practicing drills that might be considered less enjoyable．Although drills are used in most effective means available practice might not be the most enjoyable，they might be the most relevant to improving performance．
（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS）

78．Besides the learning of motor skills，what are the other two important objectives of youth sport？Improved physical health and psychosocial development．
79．If children participate in deliberate play or deliberate practice activities，they are more likely toparticipate in sports during adulthood．．
80．In deliberate play activities，what do children do to maximize enjoyment？They change rules to suit their needs and their environment．．
81．In contrast to deliberate play，deliberate practice is aimed atimproving performance．．

Answer 1

分析 这是一篇说明文，讲述青少年运动有可能在孩子的发展中完成三个重要目标，强身健体、心理发展和运动技能．

解答 78．答案：Improved physical health and psychosocial development．根据文章第一段第二句"First，sport programs can provide youth with opportunities to be physically active，which can lead to improved physical health．Second，youth sport programs have long been considered important to youth's psychosocial development，"首先，运动项目可以为年轻人提供机会锻炼，从而导致改善身体健康．第二，青年运动项目一直被认为是重要的青少年的心理发展，提供机会学习重要的生活技能，如合作、纪律，领导，和自我控制．"对这个的内容进行高度概括，所以可以知道答案是Improved physical health and psychosocial development改善身体健康和心理发展．
79．答案：participate in sports during adulthood．根据文章第二段第一句"Research from Telama （2006）states that regular participation in deliberate play or deliberate practice activities during childhood and youth （ages nine to eighteen） increasesthe likelihood of participation in sports during adulthoodby six times for both males and females．"可知Telama2006年的研究表明在儿童和青少年的年龄在9到18岁时，定期参与故意玩或刻意练习活动，不管是男性或是女性，在成年时增加参与运动的可能性达六倍多．缩短答案字数为participate in sports during adulthood在成年时参加体育运动．
80．答案：They change rules to suit their needs and their environment．根据文章第二段第五行"For example，children may change soccer and basketball rules to suit their needs and environment．"孩子可能会改变足球和篮球规则以适应他们的需求和环境．可知答案They change rules to suit their needs and their environment．他们改变规则以适应他们的需求和环境．
81．答案：improving performance．根据文章最后一句话"Although drills are used in most effective means available practice might not be the most enjoyable，they might be the most relevant toimproving performance．"虽然演习中使用可用的最有效的手段也许不是最有效的练习，它们可能是最相关的改善表现．可知答案improving performance改善表现．

点评 做这类题时要根据题干要求到文章中找出关键信息，主要考查学生的细节理解能力．