题目内容

1.Decision-making under Stress
A new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages,causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (负面的) consequences of a decision.
The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.
"Stress affects how people learn,"says Professor Mara Mather."People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress."
For example,two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images(影像) with either rewards or punishments.In one experiment,some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other,some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water.In both cases,the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadn't gone through the stress.
This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress-at those moments,only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind.But the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect.Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better,but negative consequences are also easily recalled.
The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women.While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress,their responses to risk turn out to be different.
Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way.In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big,men may tend to do better,when caution weighs more,however,women will win.
This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men:they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.

64.We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend toA.
A.keep rewards better in their memory
B.recall consequences more effortlessly
C.make risky decisions more frequently
D.learn a subject more effectively
65.According to the research,stress affects people most probably in theirA
A.ways of making choices       B.preference for pleasure
C.tolerance of punishments     D.responses to suggestions
66.The research has proved that in a stressful situation,D.
A.women find it easier to fall into certain habits
B.men hav e a greater tendency to slow down
C.women focus more on outcomes
D.men are more likely to take risks.

分析 本文是一篇说明文,主要讲述的是压力对人们不好的影响,在压力之下人们作出决定时的考虑是不一样的,并通过实验说明人们在有压力的时候通常想到的是积极的一面比较多,同时也介绍了男人和女人在面对不同的压力时反映也是不同的.

解答 63.A    推理判断.根据第一段最后一句"causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (负面的)consequences of a decision."可知,在压力之下人们更可能聚焦于快乐的事情而不是负面的结果,故他们更容易记住记忆里好的事情,A正确.
64.A    细节理解.根据文章第二段"The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways."可知,压力可以改变人们做出决定的方式.故A正确.
65.D    细节理解.根据文章倒数第二段"In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big,men may tend to do better,when caution weighs more,however,women will win."可知,男性更可能去冒险.故D正确.

点评 解答细节理解题时,一个常用的方法就是运用定位法,即根据题干和选项中的关键词从原文中找到相关的句子,与选项进行比较从而确定答案;推理判断题既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思,又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断,力求从作者的角度去考虑,不要固守自己的看法或观点.

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6.Harvard researchers have created a tough,low-cost,biodegradable (可生物降解的) material inspired by insects'hard outer shells.The material's inventors say it has a number of possible uses and someday could provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to plastic.The material,made from shrimp ('虾) shells and proteins produced from silk,is called"shrilk."It is thin,clear,flexible and strong.
A major benefit of the material is its biodegradability.Plastic's toughness and flexibility represented a revolution in materials science during the 1950s and'60s.Decades later,however,plastic's very durability (耐用性) is raising questions about how appropriate it is for one-time products such as plastic bags,or short-lived consumer goods,used in the home for a few years and then cast into a landfill where they will degrade for centuries.What is the point of making something that lasts 1,000years?
Shrilk not only will degrade in a landfill,but its basic components are used as fertilizer(肥料),and so will enrich the soil.
Shrilk has great potential,the inventors said.Materials from which it is made are plentiful in nature,found in everything ranging from shrimp shells,insect bodies to living plants.That makes shrilk low cost,and its mass production possible should it be used for products demanding a lot of material.
Work on shrilk is continuing in the lab.The inventors said the material becomes flexible when wet,so they're exploring ways to use it in wet environments.They're also developing simpler production processes,which could be used for non-medical products,like for computer cases and other products inside the home.They're even exploring combining it with other materials,like carbon fibers,to give it new properties.

66.Paragraph I of the passage is mainly about shritk'sC.
A.remarkable design
B.interesting name
C.major features
D.basic elements
67.What has become a concern about plastic?A
A.Using it properly.
B.Producing it cheaply.
C.Developing its properties quickly.
D.Evaluating its contributions fairly.
68.According to the inventors,shrilk has great potential partly becauseD.
A.it can help plastic degrade
B.it can be found in living things
C.its mass production has been realized
D.its raw materials are abundant in mature
69.What are the inventors doing in the lab?B
A.Replacing carbon fibers with shrilk.
B.Testing ahrilk's use in wet conditions.
C.Making shrilk out of used household goods.
D.Improving shrilk's flexibility for medical purposes.
70.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?D
A.Recent Progress in Environmental Protection
B.Benefits of Insects in Scientific Research
C.The Harm of One-time Products
D.A Possible Alternative to Plastic.
2.In Asia,there are special competitions where kites have complex designs and are fitted with instruments that make musical sounds as the wind blows through them.Although all kites have a similar structure (结构),they are widely different in size and shape.Kite-fighting competitions are also held,in which competitions us their kites to attack and bring down their opponents'(对手)kites or cut their strings(线).
For more than 15years,the Big Wind Kite Factory has been giving kite-making and kite flying classes for the children on an island in Hawaii.In its kite-making lessons,students can make kites in as little as 20minutes!Children as young as four years old can learn how to fly a kite.Jonathan Socher and his wife Daphne started the kite factory in 1980.their kites are made of nylon(尼龙).Their designs are Hawaiian themes created by Daphne.The designs are cut out of the nylon with a hot knife that seals the edges and then fastened directly onto the kite.
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68.Which of the following is true according to the text?D
A.A hot knife is used to iron the nylon.
B.Children never fly kites on their own in flying lessons.
C.Kite strings must not be cut in kite-fighting competitions.
D.Daphne designs kites for the Big Wind Kite Factory.
69.What is different about the kite used for flying lessons?A
A.It has two strings.        B.It is simple in design
C.It has a rainbow pattern.  D.It is shaped like a diamond.
70.According to Jonathan,what do you need to have fun with kites?B
A.A large kite.        B Any type of kite.
C.A complex structure   D.A kite that impresses others.
71.What is mainly described in the text?A
A.A kite factory         B.Kite-flying lessons.
C.Special competitions.    D.The kite-making Process.

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