[题目](2010·江苏) Many young people in the West are expected to leave could be life's most important decision-marriage-almost entirely up to luck.A. as B. thatC. which D. what 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

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【题目】(2010·江苏) Many young people in the West are expected to leave __________ could be life's most important decision—marriage—almost entirely up to luck.

A. as

B. that

C. which

D. what

【答案】D

【解析】leave是动词，后面要加宾语。很显然，空格既引导一个宾语从句又在从句中做句子的主语，所以只能用what。干扰项that也可以引导宾语从句，但只起连接作用，在句中不做任何成分。

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【题目】阅读下面的作品，完成下题。

从脸谱说起

叶秀山

脸谱在京剧艺术中不可或缺，实在是我国艺术家对世界艺术作出的特殊贡献。不过，以前也常听批评家在贬义上使用这个词，说人物没有个性，有公式化、概念化的毛病，则斥之曰“脸谱化”。

其实，脸谱与概念、公式是完全不同的。概念、公式是抽象的，但脸谱却不能归结尾抽象。我想，批评脸谱公式化、概念化的，其中有一点未曾深察的是在那个“谱”字上。

“谱”有标准、准则的意思。我们常说某人说话、行事“没谱”，是言其做事说话不遵守一定的规则、无法沟通、交流，也无法理解。“谱”是要大家都能遵守的，没有规矩，不成方圆。“谱”还有谱系的意思。谱系是历史性的，是一种传统。历史不同，传统不同，谱系也就不同，于是有各种不同的家法、流派。京剧的脸谱，也有不同的家法，同样是曹操的脸，勾画上也是大同中有小异。此外，凡称“谱”的，都是有待去实现的。“谱”自身是实践的“本”，好像是个具有普遍意义的设计方案。光有个脸谱不能成为“活曹操”“活包公”，要成“活某某”，还看演员如何去演。

现在书店里有许许多多菜谱，分属各种不同的菜系：四川的，淮扬的，上海的，广州的……但菜谱不是菜，不能吃。菜谱给人一个规范，有的很详细，看起来也很死板，如加盐多少，文火炖半个小时等等。这个指标，对于普通家庭主妇而言，是帮助她做出中等水平的菜肴来，不至于不堪入口。但厨艺上乘，在于把握火候。火候，是一个综合性的分寸，不是“30分钟”“35分零5秒”那样死板的，到时一定起锅。“火”曰“候”，乃是一种征候，是靠操作者的经验体会感觉出来的。把握火候不是理论性的，而是实践性的，因而不仅仅是实用性的，而且是艺术性的。就实用性而言，做出来的菜，有个中等水平，能吃就行；但就艺术性而言，火候是必须掌握的。舞台艺术中也有火候，是把各种“谱”——包括曲谱、身段、脸谱……都艺术地“兑现”出来，是要艺术家把这些“谱”用活了，塑造出活生生的人物形象来。

像厨艺一样，舞台上也有中等水平的演员，他们按部就班地把各种“谱”“做”出来，就算是完成任务，刻苦地也会用相当的功夫，就是缺少一点灵气。像灵气、气韵等并不是能“谱”出来的，而是艺术家的一种创造。然而，就道理上来说，各种“谱”，并不是要限制人的创造，而只是要使人创造得更好。做不好菜不能怪菜谱，演不好戏不能怪各种程式，人物没有个性也不能怪脸谱。再往深里说。各种“谱”不但不企图限制艺术家的天才，而且还可以防止天才的流产。“谱”规范着那不易规范的天才，使其不仅有天才，而且有成就。

记得十几年前奚啸伯先生对我们说，舞台艺术要做到“有规律的自由”，他的体会是很深刻的。

（选自《叶秀山文集》，有删改）

文中“谱”的含义有哪些？

答：______________________________________________________________

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