Although there is no formal process of selection, in larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment（招募）．

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades（十年） of research have failed to produce evidence that there are any “natural leaders”． It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; or rather更确切地说, any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group．

Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals． Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group． Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”． Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings福利 of a social group’s members． Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them．

Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members． They give others and may discipline（纪律约束） group members who inhibit （阻碍） attainment of the group’s goals． Expressive leaders develop a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group． They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to solve problems that threaten to divide the group． As the difference between these two roles suggests, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect．

71． What does the passage mainly discuss?

       A． The problems faced by leaders．       B． The role of leaders in social groups．

       C． How leadership differs in small and large groups．

       D． How social groups determine who will lead them．

72． The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT ________．

       A． recruitment                           B． formal election process

       C． specific leadership training               D． traditional cultural patterns

73． Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from Paragraph 2?

       A． An effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group．

       B． Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications．
C． A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership．
D． Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person．

74． In mentioning “natural leaders” in Line 4, the author is making the point that ________．

       A． few people qualify as “natural leaders”

       B． there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist

       C． “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics

       D． “natural leaders” are easily accepted by the members of a group

75． The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on ________．     

       A． achieving a goal                                 B． sharing responsibility with group members
C． identifying new leaders                       D． ensuring harmonious（和谐的）relationships

短文改错

此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。对标有题号的每一行做出判断：如无错误，在该行右边横线上画一个勾(√)；如有错误(每行只有一个错误)，则按下列情况改正：

该行多一个词：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉，在该行右边横线上写出该词，并也用斜线划掉。

该行缺一个词：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。

该行错一个词：在错的词下画一横线，在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。

注意：原行没有错的不要改。

Rules of safety are made to keep people from getting hurt. It is important for everyone to learn how to live safely while at home, work, or play. You should always remember this. Put safety first.
Safety can be practiced at home by following some simple rules. Use ladders instead of stepping up on tables and chairs. Keep stairs well lighted and clear of things for someone to trip over. Fasten down loose rugs. Turn handles of pots inward from the edges of stoves. Keep matches and medicines out of the reach of small children.Keep electric wiring in good repair.
Safety at work has been getting attention from groups of people for many years. Safer machines have been built to cut down on accidents.  Red  lights  warn  when equipment is out of order and is not to be used. The proper shoes, gloves, robes, hats, or coats help protect workers on the job.
Safety at play is important, too. Children should use swings and slides properly. Common sense by people boating and swimming will also help everyone around stay safe. Good manners and care for others are part of safety.
Living safely can be fun for you as well as for those around you, You will be able to help others think before they act. Try to work for safety in everything you do.
【小题1】Which of the following statements is not included in the rules listed in the passage?