You’re rushing to work and a man ahead of you collapses on the sidewalk. Do you stop to help? In a study of by-standers, it was found that some people avert their gaze and keep on  walking rather than stop and get involved.

“There is a tendency to decide that no action is needed.” says a psychologist. “The first thoughts that pop into your mind often keep you from offering help. In order to take action, you have to work against them.” Here are some common thoughts that might prevent you from helping.

● Why should I be the one? I’m probably not the most competent（有能力的） person in this crowd. You might think someone older or with more medical knowledge should offer assistance.

● What if he doesn’t really need my help? The fear of embarrassment is powerful; no one wants to risk looking foolish in front of others.

● No one else looks concerned- this must not be a problem. We can follow the people around us, but most people tend to hold back their emotions in public.

“If you spot trouble and find yourself explaining inaction, force yourself to stop and evaluate the situation instead of walking on,” says the psychologist. “Then retry to involve other people; you don’t have to take on the entire responsibility of being helpful. Sometimes it’s just a matter of turning to the person next to you and saying, ‘It looks like we should do something.’ Or asking someone if an ambulance has been called and, if not, to call for one. Once you take action, most people will follow you.”

1.Which is NOT the common thought that stops you from helping others?

A．I’m not the very person capable of setting the problem.

B．It looks like we should do something.

C．It must not be a problem as no one else is concerned.

D．He doesn’t really need my help.

2.According to a study of by-standers, what will some people do when a man ahead falls down on the sidewalk?

A．They will call for help and then walk away.

B．They will stop and offer help.

C．They will turn away their eyes and go on walking.

D．They will laugh at him.

3.We learn from the last paragraph that if we spot trouble,          ．

A．we should call the ambulance as soon as we can.

B．we should take on the whole responsibility and do something alone.

C．we should stop and evaluate the situation and try to make other people follow.

D．we should turn to other people and ask them to take on the responsibility

4.In order to offer others your timely help, you need to        ．

A．ask others for help and call the police

B．get along well with the passers-by who spot the trouble

C．go directly to the police station

D．work against the first thoughts that prevent you offering help

5.The main purpose of the text is to tell readers        ．

A．to give others a hand                    B．to be more competent

C．not to risk looking foolish                 D．to stop and evaluate the situation

If you do not use your arms or your legs for some time, they become weak. When you start using them again, they slowly become strong again. Everybody knows this. Yet there are many people who do not seem to know that one’s memory works in the same way. When someone says that he has a good memory, he really means that he keeps his memory in practice by exercising it regularly. When someone else says that his memory is poor, he really means that he does not give it enough chance to become strong.

If a friend complains that his arms are weak, we know that it is his own fault. But if he tells us that he has a poor memory, many of us think that his parents are to blame, or that he is just unlucky, and few of us realize that it is really his own fault. Not all of us can become very strong or very clever, but all of us can improve our memory by the same means — practice.

Have you ever noticed that people who cannot read or write usually have a better memory than those who can? Why is this? Of course, because people who can’t read or write have to remember things: they cannot write them down in a little notebook. They have to remember dates, prices, names, songs and stories, so their memory is exercised all the time.

So if you want a good memory, learn from those who cannot read or write: practice remembering.

1.According to the passage, few people know that _____.

A. arms or legs become weak if they are not used for some time

B. when they start using their arms or legs again, they slowly become strong again

C. a person’s memory becomes weak if he does not practice remembering things

D. it is their own fault if their arms or legs are weak

2.The author thinks that if a person has a poor memory, _________.

A. it is his own fault        B. his parents are to blame

C. he is just unlucky           D. his arms must be weak

3.From Paragraph 3, we can learn that ___.

A. people who can’t read are cleverer than those who can

B. people who can’t write are cleverer than those who can

C. a little notebook helps people who cannot read or write get a better memory

D. people who practice remembering regularly have a better memory

4.The passage mainly tells us ____________.

A. how to get our arms and legs stronger   B. how to improve our memory

C. how to read and write                D. how to remember dates and prices

Idioms are phrases and sentences that do not mean exactly what they say. Even if you know the meaning of each word you see or hear, you may not understand the idiom because you don't understand the culture behind it.
For example, if an American boy asks his mother what's for dinner tomorrow, she may say "I'll play it by ear", that means she doesn't have plans for dinner and she will decide later. "Play by ear" used to mean playing music using the sheet music, but now people often use it when they're not talking about music.
There're many idioms in English. If you learn to use them, your English will be more vivid and colorful. English idioms are more common in spoken English. They can be difficult to remember sometimes. Next time when you hear somebody saying to you, "Give me a hand", you don't necessarily stretch out your hand to him/her, but you do need to be helpful. And when the situation is out of hand, you usually can do very little to manage all that. What about a green hand? It's not about the color of your hand! You're a green hand when you are very new at your work and don't have much experience. If you and your partner always work together hand in glove, you two definitely work together very well.
Can you guess the meanings of some common English idioms to do with parts of your body?

1. 1.

   An idiom is _______.

   1. A.
      a phrase or a sentence that means exactly what the words say
   2. B.
      a phrase or a sentence that doesn't mean exactly what every word says
   3. C.
      so difficult that nobody can understand
   4. D.
      something to do with parts of your body
2. 2.

   If a mother says "I'll play it by ear" to talk about the dinner, she means _______.

   1. A.
      she will cook dinner while listening to music at the same time
   2. B.
      she doesn't hear what others are talking about.
   3. C.
      she will play music using the sheet music instead of cooking dinner
   4. D.
      She doesn't have plans for dinner and will decide later
3. 3.

   When one says "Can you give me a hand?", he means _______.

   1. A.
      he needs to hold your hand.
   2. B.
      he works well with you
   3. C.
      he needs your help
   4. D.
      he is a new comer and can't help with the situation
4. 4.

   Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

   1. A.
      People use English idioms more in spoken English than in written English.
   2. B.
      To understand the culture behind an idiom is important in understanding the idiom.
   3. C.
      Idioms make your English more vivid and colorful so they are easy to remember.
   4. D.
      You may not understand an idiom even though you know the meaning of each word.
5. 5.

   Here are 4 common English idioms to do with parts of your body and their meanings. Can you match them?
   1) to learn something by heart a. to depend on oneself
   2) to have sticky fingers b. to know something very well
   3) to stand on one's own feet c. to do something secretly
   4) to go behind someone's back d. to have the habit of stealing

   1. A.
      badc
   2. B.
      bdac
   3. C.
      cbad
   4. D.
      cdba

You’re rushing to work and a man ahead of you collapses on the sidewalk. Do you stop to help? In a study of by-standers, it was found that some people avert their gaze and keep on  walking rather than stop and get involved.

“There is a tendency to decide that no action is needed.” says a psychologist. “The first thoughts that pop into your mind often keep you from offering help. In order to take action, you have to work against them.” Here are some common thoughts that might prevent you from helping.

● Why should I be the one? I’m probably not the most competent person in this crowd. You might think someone older or with more medical knowledge should offer assistance.

● What if he doesn’t really need my help? The fear of embarrassment is powerful; no one wants to risk looking foolish in front of others.

● No one else looks concerned- this must not be a problem. We can follow the people around us, but most people tend to hold back their emotions in public.

“If you spot trouble and find yourself explaining inaction, force yourself to stop and evaluate the situation instead of walking on,” says the psychologist. “Then retry to involve other people; you don’t have to take on the entire responsibility of being helpful. Sometimes it’s just a matter of turning to the person next to you and saying, ‘It looks like we should do something.’ Or asking someone if an ambulance has been called and, if not, to call for one. Once you take action, most people will follow you.”

56. Which is NOT the common thought that stops you from helping others?

A.I’m not the very person capable of setting the problenu.

B.It looks like we should do something.

C.It must not be a problem as no one else is concerned.

D.He doesn’t really need my help.

57. According to a study of by-standers, what will some people do when a man ahead falls down on the sidewalk?

A.They will call for help and then walk away.

B. They will stop and offer help.

C. They will turn away their eyes and go on walking.

D.They will laugh at him.

58. We learn from the last paragraph that if we spot ttouble,           ．

A. we sbould call the ambulance as soon as we can.

B. we should take on the whole responsibility and do something alone.

C. we should stop and evaluate the situation and try to make other people follow.

D.we should turn to other people and ask them to take on the responsibility

59. In order to offer others your timely help, you need to        ．

A. ask others for help and call the police

B.get along well with the passers-by who spot the trouble

C. go directly to the police station

D.work against the rirst thoughts that prevent you offering help

60. The main purpose of the text is to tell readers        ．

A.to give others a hand                       B. to be more competent

C.not to risk looking foolish                D.to stop and evaluate the situation

Thirteen vehicles lined up last March to race across the Mojave Desert , seeking a million in prize money . To win , they had to finish the 142-mile race in less than 10 hours . Teams and watchers knew there might be no winner at all , because these vehicles were missinge a key part drivers .

DARPA , the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency , organized the race as part of a push to develop robotic vehicles for future battlefields . But the Grand Challenge , as it was called , just proved how difficult it is to get a car to speed across an unfamiliar desert without human guidance . One had its brake lock up in the starting area . Another began by throwing itself onto a wall . Another got tied up by bushes near the road after 1.9 miles .

One turned upside down . One took off in entirely the wrong direction and had to be disabled by remote (远距离的) control . One went a little more than a mile and rushed into a fence ; another managed to go for six miles but stuck on a rock . The “winner,” if there was any , reached 7.8 miles before it ran into a long , narrow hole , and the front wheels caught on fire .

“You get a lot of respect for natural abilities of the living things,” says Reinhold Behringer , who helped design two of the car-size vehicles for a company called Sci-Autonics . “Even ants (蚂蚁) can do all these tasks effortlessly . It’s very hard for us to put these abilities into our machines .”

The robotic vehicles , though with necessary modern equipment such as advanced computers and GPS guidance , had trouble figuring out fast enough the blocks ahead that a two-year-old human recognizes immediately , Sure , that very young child, who has just only learned to walk , may not think to wipe apple juice off her face , but she already knows that when there’s a cookie in the kitchen she has to climb up the table , and that when she gets to the cookie it will taste good . She is more advanced , even months old , than any machine humans have designed .

67．Watchers doubted if any of the vehicles could finish the race because        .

       A．they did not have any human guidance

       B．the road was not familiar to the drivers

       C．the distance was too long for the vehicles

       D．the prize money was unattractive to the drivers

68．DARPA organized the race in order to          .

       A．raise money for producing more robotic vehicles

       B．push the development of vehicle industry

       C．train more people to drive in the desert

       D．improve the vehicles for future wars

69．From the passage we know “robotic vehicles” are a kind of machines that          .

       A．can do effortlessly whatever tasks living thing can

       B．can take part in a race across 142 miles with a time limit

       C．can show off their ability to turn themselves upside down

       D．can move from place to place without being driven by human beings

70．In the race , the greatest distance one robotic vehicle covered was          .

       A．about eight miles                                 B．six miles

       C．almost two miles                                 D．about one mile

71．In the last paragraph , the writer implies that there is a long way to go          .

       A．for a robotic vehicle to finish a 142-mile race without any difficulties

       B．for a little child who has just learned to walk to reach the cookie on the table

       C．for a robotic vehicle to deal with a simple problem that a little child can solve

       D．for a little child to understand the importance of wiping apple juice off its face