It’s impolite to spit out the first bite of your dinner. But to a type of Australian snake, this rude behavior is a matter of life and death.

       The snake, called a floodplain death adder(蝰蛇), eats two types of frogs that are hard to stomach. The frogs produce chemicals to defend them from predators（猎食者）.

       One of these species, the Dahl's frog, can kill a snake that tries to eat it. The other species, the marbled frog, is less dangerous but still tough to eat. When attacked, it produces a glue like substance. Leaves and branches get caught up in this material, making a big sticky mess that gets in the way of anything trying to swallow it. A marbled frog can even get stuck on the head of an attacking snake.

       Both frogs have good defense methods. But the floodplain death adder knows how to get around each of them.

       Floodplain death adders quickly strike these frogs, using their poisonous teeth to inject poison. But then, instead of swallowing their dinner immediately, the snakes sit back and wait for their preys to become safe to eat. That's because both the Dahl's frog's protective toxin(毒素) and the marbled frog's glue break down over time. After a while, the frog toxin is no longer poisonous and the glue is no longer sticky.

       The two substances break down at different rates, and floodplain death adders seem to know the difference, And adder waits for a different length of time depending on the species of frog it just struck.

       The stickiness of the marbled frog glue decreased by as much as two-thirds after just 10 minutes. And that's just about how long an adder waits before eating a marbled frog.

       On the other hand, the snakes wait for about 40 minutes before eating a Dahl's frog. That's enough time for the frog's toxin to break down into harmless substances.

       But even a quick strike gives a taste of the Dahl frog's toxin. After striking such a frog, a floodplain death adder thrashes(翻腾) around and lies on its back with its mouth open, It's like the snake has just had a mouthful of chili pepper.

      By comparison, when given frogs that have no chemical defenses, floodplain death adders eat their prey immediately after striking. Snakes, despite the fact that they’ve got this tiny pea-size  brain are clearly capable of recognizing what kind of frog they’ve bitten.

1．What’s the best title of the passage?

       A．A dangerous meal

       B．A snake——floodplain death adder

       C．Two types of frogs——Dahl’s Frog and Marbled Frog

       D．The method of killing frogs

2．The underlined word “it” in the 3^rd paragraph refers to the        .

       A．marbled frog                                       B．Dahl’s frog

       C．floodplain death adder                          D．glue

3．The glue produced by the marbled frog is used for               .

       A．sticking the snake’s head

       B．making a safe place to live in

       C．preventing anything from tying to attack it

       D．killing an attacking snake

4．From the passage we can conclude that           .

A．the Dahl’s frog carries enough poison to kill a snake but only if the snake eats it immediately

       B．the floodplain death adders only eat the Dahl’s frog and Marbled frog

       C．although the snakes have tiny pea – size brain , they are cleverer than human beings

       D．both the Dahl’s frog and the marbled frog protect themselves by producing toxin

5．What’s the floodplain death adder’s method to make the frogs safe to eat ?

       A．They thrash around with their mouths open

       B．They sit back and wait for their preys to become safe to eat

       C．They inject poison on the preys and wait for the breaking down of their toxin and glue before eating them

       D．They quickly strike these frogs

       It’s impolite to spit out the first bite of your dinner. But to a type of Australian snake, this rude behavior is a matter of life and death.

       The snake, called a floodplain death adder(蝰蛇), eats two types of frogs that are hard to stomach. The frogs produce chemicals to defend them from predators（猎食者）.

       One of these species, the Dahl's frog, can kill a snake that tries to eat it. The other species, the marbled frog, is less dangerous but still tough to eat. When attacked, it produces a glue like substance. Leaves and branches get caught up in this material, making a big sticky mess that gets in the way of anything trying to swallow it. A marbled frog can even get stuck on the head of an attacking snake.

       Both frogs have good defense methods. But the floodplain death adder knows how to get around each of them.

       Floodplain death adders quickly strike these frogs, using their poisonous teeth to inject poison. But then, instead of swallowing their dinner immediately, the snakes sit back and wait for their preys to become safe to eat. That's because both the Dahl's frog's protective toxin(毒素) and the marbled frog's glue break down over time. After a while, the frog toxin is no longer poisonous and the glue is no longer sticky.

       The two substances break down at different rates, and floodplain death adders seem to know the difference, And adder waits for a different length of time depending on the species of frog it just struck.

       The stickiness of the marbled frog glue decreased by as much as two-thirds after just 10 minutes. And that's just about how long an adder waits before eating a marbled frog.

       On the other hand, the snakes wait for about 40 minutes before eating a Dahl's frog. That's enough time for the frog's toxin to break down into harmless substances.

       But even a quick strike gives a taste of the Dahl frog's toxin. After striking such a frog, a floodplain death adder thrashes(翻腾) around and lies on its back with its mouth open, It's like the snake has just had a mouthful of chili pepper.

      By comparison, when given frogs that have no chemical defenses, floodplain death adders eat their prey immediately after striking. Snakes, despite the fact that they’ve got this tiny pea-size  brain are clearly capable of recognizing what kind of frog they’ve bitten.

61．What’s the best title of the passage?

       A．A dangerous meal

       B．A snake――floodplain death adder

       C．Two types of frogs――Dahl’s Frog and Marbled Frog

       D．The method  of killing frogs

62．The underlined word “it” in the 3^rd paragraph refers to the        .

       A．marbled frog                                       B．Dahl’s frog

       C．floodplain death adder                          D．glue

63．The glue produced by the marbled frog is used for               .

       A．sticking the snake’s head

       B．making a safe place to live in

       C．preventing anything from tying to attack it

       D．killing an attacking snake

64．From the passage we can conclude that           .

A．the Dahl’s frog carries enough poison to kill a snake but only if the snake eats it immediately

       B．the floodplain death adders only eat the Dahl’s frog and Marbled frog

       C．although the snakes have tiny pea size brain , they are cleverer than human beings

       D．both the Dahl’s frog and the marbled frog protect themselves by producing toxin

65．What’s the floodplain death adder’s method to make the frogs safe to eat ?

       A．They thrash around with their mouths open

       B．They sit back and wait for their preys to become safe to eat

       C．They inject poison on the preys and wait for the breaking down of their toxin and glue before eating them

       D．They quickly strike these frogs

Everybody hates it, but everybody does it. A recent report said that 40％of Americans hate tipping. In America alone, tipping is a $16 billion-a-year industry. Consumers acting politely ought not to pay more than they have to for a given service. Tips should not exist. So why do they? The common opinion in the past was that tips both rewarded the efforts of good service and reduced uncomfortable feelings of inequality. And also, tipping makes for closer relations. It went without saying that the better the service, the bigger the tip.

    But according to new research from Cornell University, tips no longer serve any useful function. The paper analyzes numbers they got from 2,547 groups dining at 20 different restaurants. The connection between larger tips and better service was very weak. Only a tiny part of the size of the tip had anything to do with the quality of service.

    Tipping is better explained, by culture than by the money people spend. In America, the custom came into being a long time ago. It is regarded as part of the accepted cost of a service. In New York restaurants, failing to tip at least l5％ could well mean dissatisfaction from the customers. Hairdressers can expect to get l5％-20％, and the man who delivers your fast food $2. In Europe, tipping is less common. In many restaurants the amount of tip is decided by a standard service charge. In many Asian countries, tipping has never really caught on at all. Only a few have really taken to tipping.

    According to Michael Lynn，the Cornell papers’ author, countries in which people are more social or outgoing tend to tip more. Tipping may reduce anxiety about being served by strangers. And Mr. Lynn says, “In America, where people are expressive and eager to mix up with others, tipping is about social approval. If you tip badly, people think less of you. Tipping well is a chance to show off.”

1.This passage is mainly about________.

    A. different kinds of tipping in different countries

    B. the relationship between tipping and custom

    C. the origin and present meaning of tipping

    D. most American people hate tipping

2. Which of the following best explains the underlined phrase “caught on” ?

    A. Been hated．                     B. Become popular．

    C. Been stopped．                   D. Been permitted

3. Among the following situations, in your opinion, who is likely to tip most?

    A. A Frenchman just quarreled with the barber who did his hair badly in New York.

    B. A Chinese student enjoyed his meal in a famous fast food restaurant in New York.

    C. A Japanese businessman asked for a pizza delivery from a Pizza Hut in New York.

    D. An American just had a wonderful dinner in a well known restaurant in New York.

4.We can infer from this passage that________.

A. tipping is no longer a good way to satisfy some customers themselves

B. tipping has something to do with people’s character

C. tipping in America can make service better now

D. tipping is especially popular in New York

请阅读下列旅游景点的信息，并按照要求匹配信息。请在答题卡上将对应题号的相应选项字母涂黑。
A．Leigongshan Nature Reserve
Located 15 kilometers east of Kaili, Guizhou Province, Leigongshan is the most fascinating scenic area of the Miaoling Mountains. It gained its reputation as a National Nature Reserve because of its abundance of overlapping(与…重叠) mountain ridges, flourishing verdant plants, valuable and rare animals, and historical war remains.
B．Wuyi Mountain
The Wuyi mountain is situated in the middle of the Wuyi mountain range, The Nine Twist Stream, a meading brook running nine kilometers through the mountain, has been designated as a key national scenic spot. A great many scholars and poets like Zhuxi, Luyou and Xinqiji visited and lectured here. As a result, a valuable cultural heritage has been preserved.
C．Hengshan Mountain (South Mountain)
There are five scared mountains in China, among which Hengshan Mountain in Hunan is
the most famous for its natural scenery. It has 72 peaks and extends 150 kilometers, with 800 miles in circumference. The mountain consists of 72 peaks. It runs 150 kilometers in extend, and possess the reputation of Buddhism(佛教） and Taoist（道教） culture of China.
D．Mountain Tai xkb1
Mountain Tai is the first mountain in the five high mountains. It lies in the middle of Shan dong province.There are four natural remarkable spectacles. They are sunrise, sunset glow, cloudy sea and yellow river. The pines and cypresses on the mountain still stand firmly. Their branches and leaves heap up a lot of snow, which shine brightly under the sunshine.
E. Luoxiao Mountain
Luoxiao Mountain lies on the border between Hunan Province and Jiangxi Province. It is where China's revolution started. High peaks and thick forests contribute to make the mountain quite steep. Luoxiao Mountain is rich in natural resources with a forest coverage rate of 64%. More than 3,800 different plants grow here, including over 30 rare tree species and over 20 rare animals species.
F. Mt.Huangshan
Mt.Huangshan is bound to be one of the most visited tourist destinations in the 21st Century. Old residences, archways, clan temples, ancient bridges and pagodas(宝塔) are abundant. Mt.Huangshan is famous for the uniquely shaped pines, the fantastic rock peaks, the sea of clouds and the hot springs. The mystic clouds drift in and out, changing the scenery from minute to minute.
请阅读下面5个人的特点，然后将他们与想去的旅游景点匹配起来。
【小题1】Peter intends to go to a famous mountain for a holiday. As he is into Chinese classical literature and works, he is sure to consider something like that when he chooses a mountain to visit.
【小题2】Jacky is from Australia. He has never been to a really high mountain before. So he is eager to visit a famous Chinese mountain. Jacky particularly enjoys the beautiful scenery on the top of a mountain in the early morning watching the sun rising.
【小题3】Susan is a university student in LA. She has just got a holiday, but as she is doing a research on how religion or ancient Chinese doctrines（宗教教义） have influenced Chinese people, she will not lose any chance for her research.
【小题4】Smith, a German exchange student, extremely adores Chairman Mao Zedong. He is told that if he visits the mountain he can feel the beginning of Chairman Mao Zedong’s revolutionary cause, otherwise he will feel regretful in his later life if he misses it.
【小题5】George is a photographer from a Canadian journal. He likes to take pictures of remarkable scenery, especially the lightning in a thunder storm and the change of clouds. It is said that he can make it in a well-known mountain.

“Have a nice day!” may be a pleasant gesture or a meaningless expression. When my friend Maxie says “have a nice day” with a smile, I know she sincerely cares about what happens to me. I feel loved and secure since another person cares about me and wishes me well.
“Have a nice day. Next!” this version of the expression is spoken by a salesgirl at the supermarket who is rushing me and my groceries out of the door. The words come out in the same tone (腔调)with a fixed procedure. They are spoken at me, not to me. Obviously, the concern for my day and everyone else’s is the management’s attempt to increase business.
The expression is one of those behaviors that help people get along with each other. Sometimes it indicates the end of a meeting. As soon as you hear it, you know the meeting is at an end. Sometimes the expression saves us when we don’t know what to say. “oh, you just had a tooth out? I’m terribly sorry, but have a nice day.”
The expression can be pleasant. If a stranger says “Have a nice day!” to you, you may find it heart-warming because someone you don’t know has tried to be nice to you.
Although the use of the expression is an insincere, meaningless social custom at times, there is nothing wrong with the sentence except that it is a little uninteresting. The salesgirl, the waitress, the teacher, and all the countless others who speak it without thinking may not really care about my day. But in a strange and comfortable way, it’s nice to know they care enough to pretend they care when they really don’t care all that much. While the expression may not often be sincere, it is always spoken. The point is that people say it all the time when they like.
【小题1】How does the author understand Maxie’s word?