阅读理解：

　　I met the old man at a cafe．“Did you hear the radio news yesterday?” he asked me．“No,” I replied．“Anything exciting?” “Exciting? NO! Something very sad．A group of hungry dogs killed and ate my best friend．”

　　“Oh, dear!” I cried．“How did it happen?” “He was working on the hillside when the dogs attacked him．When he didn't return, I went to the hillside and found…” “His body?” I asked．The old fellow drank half of his coffee．“No．I told you they were hungry dogs, didn't I? The big bones were lying every where．But they found this．” He pushed open a match box he was holding in his hand．In it was a man's thumb, lying on some white bloody material．

　　“This is my friend's right thumb．The dogs ate the rest of him”．The old man began to cry．He finished his coffee quickly and left the cafe．I drank mine and called the waiter．“I'll pay the gentleman's bill．His poor friend－how terrible!” “You've heard the news?” The waiter laughed．“Sure．There's a hole in the bottom of the match box．He put his own thumb through the hole．The blood is red ink, I believe．Is the story worth a cup of coffee, sir?” “But he held the box in his right hand．” “Yes, but listeners look into the box．They just can't take their sight off that terrible thing．” “And when he tells the story, he gets free cup of coffee!” I said, laughing．“Yes, sir, but only from strangers who come to this town, and, of course, he does us no harm!”

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　　In the early stages of skill or character development, imitation(模仿)is helpful．When I first learned to cook, I used recipes(菜谱)and turned out some tasty dishes．But soon I grew bored．Why follow someone else’s way of cooking when I could create my own? Imitating role models is like using training wheels on a child’s bicycle; they help you get going, but once you find your own balance, you fly faster and farther without relying on them．

　　In daily life, imitation can hurt us if we subconsciously(下意识地)hold poor role models．If, as a child, you observed people whose lives were bad, you may have accepted their fear and pain as normal and gone on to follow what they did．If you do not make strong choices for yourself, you will get the results of the weak choices of others．

　　In the field of entertainment, those stars look great on screen．But when they step off screen, their personal lives may be disastrous．If you are going to follow someone, focus on their talent, not their bad character or unacceptable behaviors．

　　Think of the movies, books, teachers, and friends that have affected you most deeply．The world is changed not by those who do what has been done before them, but by those who do what has been done inside them．Creative people have an endless resource of ideas．The problem a creator faces is not running out of material; it is what to do with the material knocking at the door of imagination．

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　　I began to grow up that winter night when my parents and I were returning from my aunt’s house, and my mother said that we might soon be leaving for America．We were on the bus then．I was crying, and some people on the bus were turning around to look at me．I remember that I could not bear the thought of never hearing again the radio program for school children to which I listened every morning．

　　I do not remember myself crying for this reason again．In fact, I think I cried very little when I was saying goodbye to my friends and relatives．When we were leaving I thought about all the places I was going to see－the strange and magical places I had known only from books and pictures．The country I was leaving and never to come back was hardly in my head then．

　　The four years that followed taught me the importance of optimism(乐观), but the idea did not come to me at once．For the first two years in New York I was really lost－having to study in three schools as a result of family moves．I did not quite know what I was or what I should be．Mother remarried, and things became even more complex for me．Some time passed before my stepfather and I got used to each other．I was often sad, and saw no end to “the hard times．”

　　My responsibilities in the family increased a lot since I knew English better than everyone else at home．I wrote letters, filled out forms, translated at interviews with Immigration officers(移民局官员), took my grandparents to the doctor and translated there, and even discussed telephone bills with company representatives．

　　From my experiences I have learned one important rule：Almost all common troubles go away at last! Something good is certain to happen in the end when you do not give up, and just wait a little! I believe that my life will turn out all right, even though it will not be that easy．

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　　The US government has started a website, Admongo, to help children think critically about the advertising aimed at them．It claims to provide visitors with an “education” through games and other entertainment．

　　A cartoon man dressed in old time pilot clothing greets visitors to Admongo．"Call me Haiz", he says upon arrival in a rocket ship that opens up with a crazy world inside it．Spacey dance music plays in the background as Haiz tells visitors that they need to learn about advertising．

　　Its inventors say eight to twelve years old is the age kids develop their critical thinking abilities．Kids of that age are also a big market for advertisers．

　　The idea behind Admongo is to teach children three things：To identify the advertiser．To know what the advertiser is really saying．And to know what the advertisement is trying to get the child to do．

　　Children learn these things through a video game．They create their own game character．They can choose different skin colors, hair styles, eye and mouth shapes．Then they begin a trip through ad-land, where there are ads on buses and billboards．The players have to find all the marketing in the neighborhood before they can move on to the next level．

　　The Admongo game takes players inside a home, to the advertising studio and everywhere else ads can be found．It is a complete exploration of the world of marketing．

　　One such area is food marketing．The Federal Trade Commission(FTC)says it is a big business．The FTC estimates that food, drink and fast-food restaurants spent more than one and a half billion dollars on advertising to young people in 2010．

　　The FTC says children are important for three reasons．They buy products．They influence parents and caregivers to buy．And they are the future adult buyers of the products．

　　A recent study says most advertising aimed at children is for foods of the lowest nutritional value．First Lady Michelle Obama has said she would like to see advertisers marketing healthy foods for children．

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　　Knowing the best way to study will help you to be a better student．By using your time properly, you can do your homework more quickly．Learning to study is not difficult．

　　The first thing to remember is that you must be willing to learn．It doesn’t mean that you must always like the subject．It does mean, however, that you must be wil1ing to do whatever is necessary to learn．Try to understand why it is important and how it will help you now and later to do and learn other things．Knowing mathematics facts will be useful in your whole life．Knowing how to spell makes any kind of writing easier．Sometimes the subject that you think is going to be uninteresting will be exciting when you begin to work at it and understand it more clearly．Learning things can be fun if you are willing to work with them．

　　Here’s some advice for you：have a certain time each day and a quiet place with good lighting for study, so that you can concentrate on your study without interruptions(中断); have everything ready before you sit down to study, a dictionary, paper, a pen and books; be sure you understand what you should learn before you start; read carefully and pay special attention to the most important things; when memorizing, first find out the main parts and then recite the whole thing; check your homework after you finish it; never forget the importance of review and preview．

　　Don’t try to spend a lot of time researching learning methods．There are many students who know many good learning methods but don’t study well．They forget that the most useful learning method is to study hard．

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　　Learning to play a musical instrument can change your brain, with a US review finding musical training can lead to improved speech and foreign language skills．

　　Although it was suggested in the past that listening to Mozart’s music or other classical music could make you smarter, there has been little evidence to show that music can boost(使增长)brain power．

　　But a data-driven review by Northwestern University has pulled reaserch together that links musical training to learning that spills over into(波及)skills including language, speech, memory, attention and even vocal emotion．

　　Researcher Nina Kraus said the data strongly suggested that the nervous connections made during musical training also prepared the brain for other aspects of human communication．

　　“The effect of musical training suggests that, like physical exercise and its effect on body fitness, music is a resource that tones the brain for auditory fitness and thus requires society to re-examine the role of music in shaping individual development, ” the researchers said in their study．

　　Kraus said learning musical sounds could improve the brain’s ability to adapt and change and also enable the nervous system to provide constructing patterns that are important to learning．

　　The study, published in Nature Review Neuroscience, looked at the explosion of research in recent years focusing on the effect of musical training on the nervous system which could have impacts for education．

　　The study found that playing an instrument prepares the brain to choose what is related in a complex process that may involve reading or remembering a score, timing issues and coordination with other musicians．

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　　The hardworking blacksmith Jones used to work all day in his shop and so hard-working was he that at times he would make the sparks(火星)fly from his hammer．

　　The son of Mr．Smith, a rich neighbour, used to come to see the blacksmith every day and for hours and hours he would enjoy himself watching how the tradesman worked．

　　“ Young man, why don’t you try your hand to learn to make shoe tacks(钉), even if it is only to pass the time? ” said the blacksmith．“ Who knows, one day, it may be of use to you．”

　　The lazy boy began to see what he could do．But after a little practice he found that he was becoming very skilled and soon he was making some of the finest tacks．

　　Old Mr．Smith died and the son on account of the war lost all his goods．He had to leave home and was forced to live in another country．It so happened that in this village there were many shoemakers who were spending a lot of money buying tacks for their shoes and even at times when they paid high prices they were not always able to get what they wanted, because in that part of the country there was a high demand for soldiers’ shoes．

　　Our young Mr．Smith, who was finding it difficult to earn his daily bread, remembered that once upon a time he had learned the art of making tacks and had the sudden idea of making a bargain with the shoemakers．He told them that he would make the tacks if they would help to get him settled in the workshop．The shoemakers were only too glad of the offer．And after a while, Mr．Smith found that he was soon making the finest tacks in the village．

　　“How funny it seems,” he used to say, “even making tacks can make money．My trade is more useful to me than all my former riches．”

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　　Our grand China tour will show you a different China!

　　But you are required to present a U．S．Passport as an American when entering China．For some important information on how to apply for a passport, see the following forms．

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　　Children, especially boys, tend to idealise their fathers when they are young．Every little boy wants to grow up to be just like his father, and every little girl thinks her father is the smartest man on the earth．It’s not very easy to be a good father, but it’s not that difficult either．Children will truly enjoy spending time with their fathers, not just when they are kids, but even when they are adults．

　　Not all children communicate well with their fathers．Communication is often left to mothers, while fathers dispense advice as and when necessary．Don’t expect all conversations to centre around the dinner table．Go to your children’s bedrooms and talk to them about school, their teachers or their friends．Remember that the conversation cannot be one-sided．When your children open up to you, you also need to open up to them．

　　If your children come home from school feeling upset, go up to them and ask them what is the matter．And if it is something which seems to you to be a silly reason to be upset, don’t voice your opinion．It may be silly to you, but to your children it is important enough．So don’t wave the topic away by telling them not to bother about such stupid things．Simply discussing their problems with them will help them feel better．

　　Don’t shy away from having discussions about your teenage children’s love lives．Generally speaking, your children are definitely not going to discuss intimate details with you．Try to let them know that you are relaxed about topics on love．Tell your children how you met your wife．It is perfectly normal for children to go through feelings for the opposite sex as they grow up, and by keeping the topic closed for discussion, you are only shutting them off from discussing their feelings with you．All they will do is turn to their friends．

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　　A number of scientific studies have suggested that repeatedly heading a football could increase the risk of developing dementia(痴呆症)in later life．

　　In 2002, former England international footballer Jeff Astle died aged 59．A coroner(验尸官)said that Astle died from a brain disease likely to have been caused by “repeated small damages to the brain” related to heading a heavy leather football．

　　Dr．Scott Delaney, research director of emergency medicine at McGill University Health Center in Montreal, Canada, has also researched soccer-related head injury and agrees that head-to-head or elbow-to-head blows are the real risk．

　　In 2007, Delaney carried out a study on footballers aged between 12 and 17 that showed they were half as likely to be concussed(使脑部受到震荡)wearing headgear(帽)than without．

　　He said youngsters have a higher risk of head injury than adults because their heads are thinner and less able to absorb shock．To make matters worse, their neck muscles aren’t as well developed and they often lack the correct heading technique that can help throw away the force of the ball．

　　Delaney recommends that children wear headgear when playing football and says his two eldest children wear head protection playing the sport．But he admits that children can be unwilling to be the first to wear head protection－especially when their football heroes play without it．

　　While headgear can protect footballers from being concussed during a match, no one knows the long-term effects of repeated “sub-concussive” blows to the head．

　　Delaney says that while there is indirect evidence that a career in soccer can lead to dementia, no one has yet found a sure link between the two．He says proving a link would mean monitoring hundreds of footballers for three or four decades－and that would take a lot of funding．

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