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　　Fifty–eight percent of the teachers interviewed in the Association of Teachers and Lecturers(ATL)questionnaire had come across copying among their pupils．Gill Bullen from Itchen College in Southampton, for example, said, "Pieces handed in by two students were identical and significantly better than either of them could have done．Not only that, the essays handed in didn't quite answer the title question I had set"．A teacher from Leeds said, "I had one piece of work so bravely cut and pasted that it still contained ads from the web page．"

　　Connie Robinson from Stockton Riverside College said, "With less able students it is easy to spot copying as the writing style changes in the middle of the assignment, but with more able students it is sometimes necessary for tutors to carry out Internet research to identify the source of the copy．"

　　Mary Bousted, general secretary of the ATL, said," Teachers are struggling under a mountain of cut-and-pasting to spot whether work was the student's own or copy．" She called for policies to stop copying, and asked for help from exam boards and the government in providing resources and techniques to detect cheats．

　　But there was another side．"I have found once students clearly understand what copying is, its consequences and how to reference correctly so they can draw on published works, copying becomes less of a problem," said Diana Baker from Emmanuel College, Durham．

　　"I think the majority of students who engage in copying do it more out of ignorance than the desire to cheat．They really want to succeed on their own．"

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　　British and American scientists are raising genetically modified(转基因的)pigs in the hope of providing organs for transplant(移植)to humans, the project leader wrote in a newspaper Sunday．

　　Scientists in London and California have begun conducting the genetic experiments to find a solution to record–long waiting lists for organ transplants, Robert Winston said in an opinion piece written for Britain's Sunday Times．

　　In Britain alone, around 8,000 patients are waiting for a transplant．

　　"People needing a new heart or liver are waiting for someone else to die – usually a violent death in a traffic accident," Winston wrote in the newspaper．He said his team was "trying to modify pigs so their organs might save the lives of humans．"

The scientists are introducing human genes into the animals to reduce the chances of the organs being rejected by patients, as has been common in previous attempts to use animal tissues, said Winston, who heads the Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology at London's Hammersmith Hospital．

　　Working with Dr．Carol Redhead of the California Institute of Technology, Winston's team has injected human genes directly into male piglets(猪仔), adding them to the animal's sperm(精子)．

　　He said that pigs involved in experiments had successfully produced transgenic sperm, but acknowledged that British and European laws had prevented the team from using the pigs to mate．

　　The Sunday Times newspaper reported that the experiments would be moved to the United States following difficulties with funding and regulations in Britain．It said the pigs would be bred in Missouri．

　　"Our U．S．friends will benefit from our technology and the income we might have produced for Britain will be lost," Winston wrote．

　　Some scientists have previously blamed the idea of using animal organs for human transplant, saying the technique risks spreading animal viruses to humans．Winston said his research project is attempting to breed virus-free pigs．

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　　TEENSGIVING in SPRING 2010

　　Frequently Asked Questions

　　What is TEENSGIVING?

　　TEENSGIVING is an exciting event where hundreds of New York City teens gather together annually for a remarkable day of community service．This year, TEENSGIVING in SPRING 2010 participants will once again better New York City and impact thousands of lives!

　　When is TEENSGIVING in SPRING 2010?

　　SUNDAY, APRIL 25, 2010

　　Where is TEENSGIVING?

　　All over New York City．Everyone will meet at the 92nd Street Y(92nd and Lexington)at 9∶00 AM for the event kick-off．Then, all TEENSGIVING volunteers will disperse across the city to work with our partnering agencies where they will make a HUGE difference(and have fun!)．

　　Who participates in TEENSGIVING?

　　Hundreds of teenagers from around the city．Teens come from the 92nd Street Y, various city schools, youth groups, and organizations in the area．In addition, many adult volunteers(ages 21 and older)will donate their time to TEENSGIVING in SPRING 2010．

　　What projects do participants do at the agencies?

　　Sample projects include painting park benches, planting gardens, visiting and playing with underprivileged children, assembling craft kits for children in hospitals, assisting at animal shelters, working at soup kitchens, delivering meals and celebrating with families at homeless shelters．

　　Do I get anything for participating in TEENSGIVING?

　　Yes!Everybody benefits!Teen volunteers will receive *6 hours* of community service credit, good towards honor society, high school graduation and college application requirements．Adult volunteers will be “thanked” with a light breakfast, a gift certificate for their troubles, and the satisfaction of helping our city's youth contribute to their community．In addition, all teen and adult volunteers will receive a cool TEENSGIVING in SPRING 2010 T-shirt．

　　This sounds awesome!How do I register for TEENSGIVING in SPRING 2010?

　　Interested teens and/or adults should e-mail the TEENSGIVING Coordinator Josh Hyman at jhyman@92Y.org(subject：TEENSGIVING)to receive more information and to register for this fantastic event!

　　**Teens can also contact their school's Community Service Advisor**

　　TEENSGIVING is sponsored by the 92nd Street Y．

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　　I'm from the South Bronx．At 7, my neighborhood was the beginning and end of my universe．It was a small town to me．Everyone knew each other, so if you got into trouble in school, chances are your mom knew about it before you got home．I felt watched over and safe．

　　But just before I turned 8, things began to change．I watched two buildings on my block burn down．I remember seeing my neighbor Pito go up and down the fire escape to get people out．Where were the firemen?Where was the truck?Somebody must have called them．

　　That same summer, after serving two tours in Vietnam, my brother was killed in the South Bronx．He was shot above the left eye and died instantly．

People who could moved out of the neighborhood, and all I wanted to do was get out, too．I used education to get away from there and got good at avoiding the topic of where I was from．To be from the South Bronx meant that you were not a good person．It felt like a stain．

　　After college, I didn't want to come back to the South Bronx, but in order to afford graduate school, I had to．I was almost 30 and could only afford to live at my parents' home．It felt like a defeat, and I hated it．

　　At the same time, the city was planning a huge waste facility here, and no one seemed to care－including many of us who lived here．They were like, "Well, it's a poor community; what's the difference?"

　　I was very angry．It drove me to act．It moved my spirit in a way that I didn't know was possible．And it changed my beliefs－it changed the way I felt about myself and my community．I worked hard with others who felt the same way, and together, we defeated the plan．

　　After that, I realized it's just as important to fight for something as it is to fight against something．So we dreamed up a new park on the site of an illegal waste dump－and after many community clean-ups, along with ＄3 million from the city, we have one．And it's a glory．It was the seed from which many new plans for our community have grown．

　　Today, the South Bronx is no longer a stain; it's a badge(象征)of honor for me．I believe that where I'm from helps me to really see the world．Today, when I say I'm from the South Bronx, I stand up straight．This is home, and it always will be．

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　　The black robin is one of the world's rarest birds．It is a small, wild bird, and it lives only on the island of Little Mangere, off the coast of New Zealand．In 1967 there were about fifty black robins; in 1977 there were fewer than ten．These are the only black robins left in the world．The island has many other birds, of different kinds, large and small; these seem to multiply very happily．

　　Energetic steps are being taken to preserve the black robin．Detailed studies are going on, and a public appeal for money has bee made．The idea is to buy another island nearby as a special home, a “reserve”, for threatened wild life, including black robins．The organizers say that Little Mangere should then be supplied with the robin's food－it eats only one kind of seed．Thousands of the required plants are at present being cultivated in new Zealand．The public appeal is aimed at the conscience of mankind, so that the wild black robin will not die out and disappear form the earth in our time at least．

　　Is all this concern a waste of human effort?Is it any business of ours whether the black robin survives or dies out?Are we losing our sense of what is reasonable and what is unreasonable?

　　In the earth's long, long past, hundreds, of kinds of creatures have evolved, risen to a degree of success－and died out．In the long, long future, there will be many new and different forms of life．Those creatures that adapt themselves successfully to what the earth offers will survive for a long time．Those that fail to meet the challenges will disappear early．This is nature's proven method of operation．

　　The rule of selection－“the survival of the fittest”－is the one by which human beings have themselves arrived on the scene．We, being one of the most adaptable creatures the earth has yet produced, may last longer than most．You may take it as another rule that when, at last, human beings show signs of dying out, no other creature will extend a paw to put off our departure．On the contrary, we will be hurried out．For nature, tough fair, is a hard-hearted mistress．She has no favorites．

　　Life seems to have grown too tough for black robins．I leave you to judge whether we should try to do something about it．

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　　Andrew Carnegie was a 19th century steel tycoon(大亨)who became one of the 20th century's most famous philanthropists(慈善家)His life story is one of the most famous rags-to-riches accounts in United States history．

　　Carnegie was born in Dunfermlined, Scotland, on November 25,1835．The son of a weaver, he came with his family to the United States in 1848 and settled in Allegheny, Pennsylvania．At age thirteen, Carnegie went to work as a bobbin(线轴)boy in a cotton mill．He then moved rapidly through a series of jobs with Western Union and the Pnnsylvania Railroad．In 1865, he resigned to establish his own business and eventually organized the Carnegie Steel Company, which started the steel industry in Pittsburgh．At age sixty-five, he sold the company to J．P．Morgan for ＄480 million and devoted the rest of his life to his philanthropic activities and writing, including his autobiography(自传)．

　　Many persons of wealth have contributed to charity, but Carnegie was perhaps the first to state publicly that the rich have a moral responsibility to donate their fortune．In 1889 he wrote The Gospe(福音)of Wealth, in which he stated that all personal wealth beyond what was required to supply the needs of one's family should be regarded as a trust fund to be managed for the benefit of the company．

　　Carnegie set about giving away his fortune through countless personal gifts and through the establishment of various trusts．In his thirties, Carnegie had already begun to give away some of his fast-accumulating funds．His first large gifts were made to his native town．Later he created seven philanthropic and educational organizations in the United States, including Carnegie Corporation of New York, and several more in Europe．

　　One of Carnegie's lifelong interests was the establishment of free public libraries to make available to everyone a means of self-education．There were only a few public libraries in the world when, in 1881, Carnegie began to promote his idea．He and the Corporation subsequently(随后)spent over ＄56 million to build 2,509 libraries throughout the English-speaking world．

　　After this program was ended in 1917, the Corporation continued for about forty years an interest in the improvement of library services．Other major program in the Corporation's early history included adult education and education in the fine arts．

　　During his lifetime, Carnegie gave away over ＄350 million．He died in Lenox, Massachusetts on August 11,1919．

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　　People have long debated the essence(本质)of human nature．Some people think humans are born good．In San Zi Jing(Three Chara～er Classic), a Chinese children's educational book from the 13th century, we read：“Men at birth are naturally good．Their natures are similar, their habits become different．''

　　Yet some philosophers disagree with this．They think men are born selfish and vicious(恶的)．

　　For example, Thomas Hobbes, the 1 7th century English philosopher argued that men are born self-interested and with a liking for war．

　　Over the centuries, different philosophers have argued their cases．Now the results of a new study, which contrasts the behavior of very young children and young chimpanzees(黑猩猩)suggests that human beings are born sociable and helpful to others, according to a New York Times report．

　　“Of course every animal must to some extent be selfish to survive．But the biologists also see in humans a natural willingness to help．”The New York Times science reporter Nicholas Wade writes．

　　Wade quotes a book published in October by American psychologist Michael Tomasello．

　　Tomasello writes：“When infants(婴儿)18 months old see an unrelated adult whose hands are full and who needs help opening a door or picking up a dropped clothespin, they will immediately help．The helping behavior seems to be innate because it appears so early and before many parents start teaching children the rules of polite behavior．''

　　Tomasello finds that this behavior is not the result of an incentive(动机)of a reward, suggesting training does not influence it．And it seems to happen across cultures, with their different timetables for teaching social rules．For these reasons, Tomamsello concluded that helping is natural, not something taught by parents or culture．

　　And it seems that infants cannot only help in practical ways, it can also help with information, Tomasello writes．From the age of 1 2 months they will point at objects thin all adult pretends to have lost．Chimpanzees, by contrast, never point at things for each other, and when they point for people．it seems to be as a command to go fetch something rather than to share information．

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　　Welcome to Language upon Thames．This brochure has been designed to give you an overview of our Language School and the courses we offer．If you have some additional questions please do not hesitate to contact us for more information．

　　At Language upon Thames, we feel it is important to be flexible, in order that students can decide what period of study suits them best．

Small Group General English Courses

　　These courses are aimed at students who wish to improve their speaking, listening, reading and

writing skills and are offered at the following levels：

　　BEGINNERS

　　ELEMENTARY(初级)

　　PRE－INTERMEDIATE

　　INTERMEDIATE

　　UPPER－INTERMEDIATE

　　Studying one of the above courses will enable you to use English more confidently and competently(适合地)on a daily basis．

　　Try our free online test to see which level you are at－CLICK HERE

Exam courses

　　These courses are aimed at students who wish to gain academic qualifications in English and are offered at the following levels：

　　University of Cambridge exams：

　　ADVANCED1－FCE(First certificate)

　　ADVANCED2－CAE(Advanced)

　　ADVANCED3－CPE(Proficiency)

　　Studying one of the above courses will enable you to continue your education or enter university in this country．(Students wishing to gain admission to a British university are normally required to have the Cambridge Proficiency Certificate．)

Speaking, Listening ＆Pronunciation

　　This course builds on communicative confidence and competence and is aimed at students who wish to develop the important skills of speaking and listening．

　　Emphasis is also placed on pronunciation, with activities designed to meet the needs of students of different nationalities, who need to focus on different areas．

　　CLICK HERE to register for a General English course．

Other Languages

　　At Language upon Thames we offer a wide range of cafes, restaurants, shops and bars．Most importantly, we have foreign language classes of French, Japanese, German, Spanish and Italian during the day, evening or on a one-to-one basis．

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　　The angry locals of an English village blocked the driver of a Google Street View car who was filming the neighborhood, saying they feared he world encourage thieves, a report said Friday．

　　One local, Paul Jacobs, told the BBC he had warned his neighbors after spotting the car from his window in Broughton, Buckinghamshire, southern England, on Wednesday．

　　“I don't have a problem with Google wanting to promote villages．What I have a problem with is the invasion(侵犯)of privacy, taking pictures directly into the home,” Jacobs said．

　　“We've already had three homes broken into locally in the past six weeks．If our houses are made noticeable all over Google, it's an invitation for more criminals to strike．I was determined to make a stand, so I called the police．”

　　After his call, a police car arrived in Broughton in response to an argument between a crowd of people and a Google Street View contractor．

　　“They felt his presence was a threat to their privacy．When police arrived at the scene, the car had moved on,” explained a spokeswoman for Thames Valley Police．

　　The Google Street View project, set up last month in Britain, aims to provide detailed 360-degree views online of streets all over Britain．

　　The project has already been strongly criticized by associations like Privacy International, a pressure group which has launched legal action against the IT company．

　　Google is confident that their new mapping project is within the law．

　　“Before launching Street View we sought the guidance and approval of the Information Commissioner's Office．The ICO has repeatedly made clear that it believes that Street View includes the safeguards necessary to protect people's privacy,” a Google spokesman said．

　　“The Metropolitan Police(in London)told us they saw no significant security risk, that thieves are likely to make use of the opportunities, and that mapping products can be useful in solving and mapping crime in an area．”

　　He added：“Engaged in new projects, we sometimes meet unexpected challenges, and Street View has been no exception．”

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　　Last year, Jack Bleed cut through the bone of his ring finger while working．The 31-year-old resident of North Little Rock, Arkansas, waited for about six hours at a nearby medical center while the medical staff there called all over town－even as far away as Dallas and Memphis－to find a hand surgeon to reattach his finger．Finally, a willing doctor was located in Louisville, Kentucky．But even though Bleed had insurance(保险), he would have to hire a private plane to get himself there, at a cost of ＄4,300．In the end, he charged the cost to two credit cards, and his finger was saved．His insurance company eventually covered the cost of the plane, but his experience makes people aware of the fact that trauma(外伤)care in the United States is not only geographically limited, but in many places, non-existent．

　　Only eight states－New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Illinois, New Mexico, California, Oregon, and Washington－have local, fully functional trauma systems．The remaining states have partial systems, and 12－including Arkansas－have no trauma system at all．

　　Although the President has signed a bill of ＄12 million for the purpose of supporting trauma care systems nationwide, many in Congress(国会)are unwilling to spend government money for a service they think should be paid for by states, says Wayne Meredith, medical director for trauma programs at the American College of Surgeons．Meanwhile, many states have also failed to find the dollars to support trauma systems．To make matters worse, many people without insurance depend heavily on the emergency care services, placing a huge financial burden on the medical centers that serve them．

　　For the same reason, doctors, too, often go unpaid．They are unwilling to perform emergency care, worsening critical shortages of neurosurgeons, orthopedists, and hand surgeons－the very types of specialists Bleed needed at short notice．

Supporting a trauma care system doesn't take much．A half-penny sales tax in Miami-Dade County makes its outstanding system work．In Arkansas alone, says Wayne Meredith, a well-funded trauma system would possibly prevent 200 to 600 deaths each year．If trauma care systems were to work well across the nation, experts say, many thousands of lives each year could be saved．“You don't get much better return on your investment than that,” Meredith says．