People have long debated the essence(本质)of human nature．Some people think humans are born good．In San Zi Jing(Three Chara～er Classic), a Chinese children's educational book from the 13th century, we read：“Men at birth are naturally good．Their natures are similar, their habits become different．''
Yet some philosophers disagree with this．They think men are born selfish and vicious(恶的)．
For example, Thomas Hobbes, the 1 7th century English philosopher argued that men are born self-interested and with a liking for war．
Over the centuries, different philosophers have argued their cases．Now the results of a new study, which contrasts the behavior of very young children and young chimpanzees(黑猩猩)suggests that human beings are born sociable and helpful to others, according to a New York Times report．
“Of course every animal must to some extent be selfish to survive．But the biologists also see in humans a natural willingness to help．”The New York Times science reporter Nicholas Wade writes．
Wade quotes a book published in October by American psychologist Michael Tomasello．
Tomasello writes：“When infants(婴儿)18 months old see an unrelated adult whose hands are full and who needs help opening a door or picking up a dropped clothespin, they will immediately help．The helping behavior seems to be innate because it appears so early and before many parents start teaching children the rules of polite behavior．''
Tomasello finds that this behavior is not the result of an incentive(动机)of a reward, suggesting training does not influence it．And it seems to happen across cultures, with their different timetables for teaching social rules．For these reasons, Tomamsello concluded that helping is natural, not something taught by parents or culture．
And it seems that infants cannot only help in practical ways, it can also help with information, Tomasello writes．From the age of 1 2 months they will point at objects thin all adult pretends to have lost．Chimpanzees, by contrast, never point at things for each other, and when they point for people．it seems to be as a command to go fetch something rather than to share information．
(1)
What is the article mainly about?
[ ]
A．
The behavior of young children．
B．
Former philosophies about human nature．
C．
The difference between babies and baby chimpanzees．
D．
A new study of human nature．
(2)
According to Michael Tomasello, human beings are born ________．
[ ]
A．
similar to chimpanzees in nature
B．
selfish and Vicious
C．
sociable and helpful
D．
with a liking for war
(3)
Of all the following, ________ has a negative attitude towards human nature．
[ ]
A．
Three Character
B．
Thomas Hobbes
C．
Nicholas Wade
D．
Michael Tomasello
(4)
According to the study, it's safe to say that ________．
[ ]
A．
human beings are not selfish
B．
children like to help others when they get a reward
C．
different countries teach social rules at different times
D．
children tend to be helpful if they are taught early
More than seven hundred years ago, the Prince of Wales had a very big and brave dog called Gelert．One day the Prince wanted to go hunt-ing with his men．He told his dog to stay at home and look after his baby son．The baby was in a wooden cradle, which was like a small bed．When the Prince came back from hunt-ing, Gelert ran out to meet his master．He wagged his tail and jumped up to put his paws on the Prince's chest．Then the Prince saw the blood on Gelert's jaws and head．
"What have you done?" the Prince said．He rushed into his house and looked for his baby son．The cradle was lying on its side on the floor．The clothes were torn and there was blood on them．
"So you have killed my son?" the Prince said angrily．"You unfaithful dog!" He took out his sword and killed the dog．Just as Gelert was dying, he managed to bark．Then the Prince heard a baby call to the dog．
The Prince ran out of the house and saw his son lying on the ground unhurt．Near him was a dead wolf．Then the Prince knew that Gelert had defended the baby and killed the wolf．
The Prince ran back into the house but he was too late．Gelert was dead．The Prince was very sad indeed．Tears ran down his face when he realized 'he had killed his faith-ful friend．The Prince carried the body of his brave dog to the top of a mountain and buried him there．After this, the Prince never smiled again．Every morning at dawn, he walked up the mountain and stood by the dog's grave for a few minutes．
If you go to Mount Snowdon in Wales, people will show you where Gelert is buried．There is a sign by his grave．It reminds peo-ple of a brave and faithful dog．
(1)
Gelert was the dog of the Prince of _________．
[ ]
A．
Scotland
B．
England
C．
Ireland
D．
Wales
(2)
The Prince told the dog to _________ when he was leaving．
[ ]
A．
watch the door
B．
take care of his baby at home
C．
welcome his friends
D．
stop the strangers
(3)
The dog was very _________ when his master came back from hunting．
