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　　Anyone who cares about what schools and colleges teach and how their students learn will be interested in the memoir(回忆录)of Ralph W．Tyler, who is one of the most famous men in American education．

　　Born in Chicago in 1902, brought up and schooled in Nebraska, the 19-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked on teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education．

Graduate work at the University of Chicago found him connected with honorable educators Charles Judd and W．W．Charters, whose ideas of teaching and testing had an effect on his later work．In 1927, he became a teacher of Ohio State University where he further developed a new method of testing．

　　Tyler became well-known nationality in 1938, when he carried his work with the Eight-Year Study from Ohio State University to the University of Chicago at the invitation of Robert Hutchins．

　　Tyler was the first director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, a position he held for fourteen years．There, he firmly believed that researchers should be free to seek an independent(独立的)spirit in their work．

Although Tyler officially retired in 1967, he never actually retired．He served on a long list of educational organizations in the United States and abroad．Even in his 80s he traveled across the country to advise teachers and management people on how to set objectives(目标)that develop the best teaching and learning within their schools．

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　　Our “Mommy and Me” time began two years ago．My next-door neighbor and fellow mother, Christie, and I were out in our front yards, watching seven children of age 6 and under ride their bikes up and down．“I wish I could take one of my children out alone,” said Christie．

　　Then we worked out a plan： When Christie takes one of her children out, I’ll watch her other three．And when she watches two of mine, I’ll take someone out．

The children were extremely quick to accept the idea of “Mommy and Me” time．Christie’s daughter, McKenzie, went first．When she returned, the other children showered her with tons of questions．McKenzie was smiling broadly．Christie looked refreshed and happy．“She’s like a different child when there’s no one else around,” Christie shared with me quickly．With her mother all to herself, McKenzie didn’t have to make an effort to gain attention．

　　Just as Christie had noticed changes in McKenzie, I also discovered something different in each of my children during our alone times．For example, I am always surprised when my daughter, who is seldom close to me, holds my hand frequently．My stuttering(口吃的)son, Tom, doesn’t stutter once during our activities since he doesn’t have to struggle for a chance to speak．And the other son, Sam, who’s always a follower when around other children shines as a leader during our times together．

　　The “Mommy and Me” time allows us to be simply alone and away with each child ---talking, sharing, and laughing, which has been the biggest gain．Every child deserves(应得到)to be an only child at least once in a while．

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　　Many animals recognize their food because they see it．So do humans．When you see an apple or a piece of chocolate you know that these are things you can eat．You can also use other senses when you choose your food．You may like it because it smells good or because it tastes good．You may dislike some types of food because they do not look, smell or taste very nice．Different animals use different senses to find and choose their food．A few animals depend on only one of their senses, while most animals use more than one sense．

　　Although there are many different types of food, some animals spend their lives eating only one type．The giant panda(大熊猫)eats only one particular type of bamboo(竹子)．Other animals eat only one type of food even when given the choice．A kind of white butterfly(蝴蝶)will stay on the leaves of a cabbage, even though there are plenty of other vegetables in the garden．However, most animals have a more varied diet(多样化饮食)．The bear eats fruits and fish．The fox eats small animals, birds and fruits．The diet of these animals will be different depending on the season．

　　Humans have a very varied diet．We often eat food because we like it and not because it is good for us．In countries such as France and Britain, people eat foods with too much sugar．This makes them overweight, which is bad for their health．Eating too much red meat and animal products, such as butter, can also be bad for the health．Choosing the right food, therefore, has become an area of study in modern life．

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　　It was a winter morning, just a couple of weeks before Christmas 2005．While most people were warming up their cars, Trevor, my husband, had to get up early to ride his bike four kilometers away from home to work．On arrival, he parked his bike outside the back door as he usually does．After putting in 10 hours of labor, he returned to find his bike gone．

　　The bike, a black Kona 18 speed, was our only transport．Trevor used it to get to work, putting in 60-hour weeks to support his young family．And the bike was also used to get groceries(食品杂货)，saving us from having to walk long distances from where we live．

　　I was so sad that someone would steal our bike that I wrote to the newspaper and told them our story．Shortly after that, several people in our area offered to help．One wonderful stranger even bought a bike, then called my husband to pick it up．Once again my husband had a way to get to and from his job．It really is an honor that a complete stranger would go out of their way for someone they have never met before．

People say that a smile can be passed from one person to another, but acts of kindness from strangers are even more so．This experience has had a spreading effect in our lives because it strengthened our faith in humanity(人性)as a whole．And it has influenced(影响)us to be more mindful of ways we, too, can share with others．No matter how big or how small, an act of kindness shows that someone cares．And the results can be everlasting．

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　　The literal meaning of philosophy is “love of wisdom”．But this meaning does not tell us very much．Unlike the other discilines(学科), philosopjy cannot e defined by what you study , because it si actually unlimited．Anything can be the subject matter of philosophy：are, history, law, language, literature, mathematics, and in fact, the other academic disciplines are directly related to philosopkhy．For this reason you get a Doctorate(博士学位)of Philosoophy(Ph．D．)in biochemisty, or computer science, or psychology．

　　Two broad sub-fields of philosophy are logic and the history of philosophy．Logic is the science of argument and eritical thinkging．It provides sound methods for distinguishing good from bad reasonign．The history of philosopjy involives the study of major philosophers and perrsiad in the development of philosophy．

　　Of what use is philosophy? First it is useful in educational advancemet．It is necessary for undesrtanding other disciplines．Only philosopjy questiong the nature of the concepts used in a discipline, and its relatin to other disco[;omes．And throught the stdy of philosophy, one develops sound methods of research and analysis that can be applied to any field．

　　There are a number of gengral uses of philosophy．It strengthens one’s ability to solve problesm, to communieate, to organize ideas and issues, to presuade, and to takewhat is the most important form a large quamity of data．These general uses are of great benefit in the career firld, not necessarily ofr boutaining onej’s first job after graduation , but for preparing for posttions of responsibility, managemetn and leadershin later on．It is very shor sihte after all, to take a course of studies only for the purpose of getting one’s first job．The useful skills developed throught the study of philosophy hav significang long-term benefits in canreer advancement．No other discipline systematically follows the ideals of wisdom, leadership, and capacity to reasolve human conflict．

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　　Brian Walker chews pens．He bites them so hard that his boss has warned him to stop or buy his own．Kate’s weakness is more acceptable-she is unalbe to walk past a cake shop without overeating Sophin Cartier finds her cigarette habit a headache, while Alice’s thumb-sucking drives her boy friend crazy．Four people with very different habits, but they all share a common problem anxiety disorder or, in serious cases．Obessive Compulisive Disorder(OCD)．

　　From nail-biting to too much hand-washing, overeating and internet addiction(上瘾), OCD is widespread in almost every workplace and countless home．“It is a relatively common form of nxiety, ”says Dr．Mootee．“Tbe main feature of OCD is the repetitin of unwanted bosersive(过度的)thoughts such as worries that doors are left unlocked , gas or electrical appliances are left on．” In order to fight against the an esasy chedcking door locks and gas or electrical appliandces．

　　Dr．Mootee says that repetitive washing, particularlu of the hands, is the most common type of OCD．She hastreated many patients who wash their hands up to 30 times a day．The technique Mootee uses to treat people with OCD is called cognitive-behavioral therapy(认知行为疗法)．“It is based on the general idea that people have the ability to change the way they think and behave, ”says Mootee．

But when does a haibt become a problem?“It’s personal, ”says Mootee．“Everyone has something unusual, but if you can’t put up with it, then it’s a problem and you need to do something to change it．”Mootee says many people reaist for treatmet because they fear they are“crazy”．But as people become more knoledgeable about these problems they will go and get help．The only way to coure is to coqnuer．

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　　As a professor at a large American university, there is a phrase that I hear often from students：“I’m only a 1050．”The unlucky students are speaking of the score on the Seholastic Aptitude Test(SAT), which is used to determine whether they will be admitted to the college or university of their choice, or even have a chance to get a higher education at all．The SAT score, whether it is 800, 1 100 or 1550, has becomes the focus at this time of their life．

　　It is obvious that if students value highly their test scores, then a great amount of their self-respect is put in the number．Students who perform poorly on the exam are left feeling that it is all over．The low test score, they think, will make it impossible for them to get into a good college．And without a degree from a prestigious university, they fear that many of life’s doors will remain forever closed．

　　According to a study done in the 1990s, the SAT is only a reliable indicator of a student’s future performance in most cases．Interestingly, it becomes much more accurate when it is set together with other indicatorn——like a student’s high school grades．Even if standardieed tests like the SAT could show a steudnt’s academic profieiency(学业水平), they will never be able to test things like confidence, efforts and willpower, and are unable to give us the full picture of a student’s potentialities(潜力)．This is not to suggest that we should stop using SAT scores in our college admission process．The SAT is an excellent test in many ways, and the score is still a useful means of testing students．However, it should be only one of many methods used．

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Read the advertisements carefully．Then answer the questions that follow．

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　　I first went to Harrow in the summer term．The school had the biggest swimming pool I had ever seen．It was a good joke to come up behind a naked boy, and push him into the pool．I made quite a habit of this with boys of my own size or less．

　　One day I saw a boy wrapped in a towel on the side of the pool．He was no bigger than I was, so I thought him a fair game．Coming secretly behind, I pushed him in, holding on to his towel so that it would not get wet, I was surprised to see an angry face come out from the water, and a being of great strength masking its way by face strokes(猛力地划)to the shore．I fled, but in vain．He overtok me, seized me violently, and threw me into the deepest part of ther pool．I soon climbed out on the other side, and found myself surrounded by a crowd of younger boys．“Do you know what you have done?”they said, “It’s Amery; he is in Grade Six．He is champion at gym, he has got his football honor．”

　　I was frightened and felt ashamed．How could I tell his position when be was wrapped in a bath towel and so small．”He didn’t seem pleased at all, so I added in a most brilliant word, “My father, who is a great man, is also small．”At this be laughed, and after some general words about my rude behavior and how I had better be careful in the future, signified the incident was closed．

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　　Some people bring out the best in you in a way that you might never have fully realized on your own．My mom was one of those people．

　　My father died when I was nine months old, making my mom a single mother at the age of eighteen．While I was growing up, we lived a very hard life．We had little money, but my mom gave me a lot of love．Each night, she sat me on her lap and spoke the words that would change my life, “Kemmons, you are certain to be a great man and you can do anything in life if you work hard enough to get it．”

At fourteen, I was hit by a car and the doctors said I would never walk again．Every day, my mother spoke to me in her gentle, loving voice, telling me that no matter what those doctors said, I could walk again if I wanted to badly enough．She drove that message so deep into my heart that I finally believed her．A year later, I returned to school － walking on my own!

　　When the Great Depression(大萧条)hit, my mom lost her job．Then I left school to support the both of us．At that moment, I was determined never to be poor again．

Over the years, I experienced various levels of business success．But the real turning point occurred on a vacation I took with my wife and five kids in 1951．I was dissatisfied with the second-class hotels available for families and was angry that they charged an extra $2 for each child．That was too expensive for the average American family．I told my wife that I was going to open a motel(汽车旅馆)for families that would never charge extra for children．There were plenty of doubters at that time．

Not surprisingly, mom was one of my strongest supporters．She worked behind the desk and even designed the room style．As in any business, we experienced a lot of challenges．But with my mother’s words deeply rooted in my soul, I never doubted we would succeed．Fifteen years later, we had the largest hotel system in the world － Holiday Inn．In 1979 my company had 1,759 inns in more than fifty countries with an income of $ 1 billion a year．

　　You may not have started out life in the best situation．But if you can find a task in life worth working for and believe in yourself, nothing can stop you．

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