A messy desk can actually lead people towards clearer thinking, say researchers from Germany．

The researchers found in a series of linked studies - using a messy desk and a messy shop front - that people actually thought more clearly when all around was chaos, as they sought to simplify the tasks at hand.

Visual and mental clutter（阻塞） forces human beings to focus and think more clearly.

Famous thinkers and writers such as Albert Einstein and Roald Dahl have been notorious（声名狼藉的） for their untidy desks.

“Messy desks may not be as detrimental（有害的） as they appear to be, as the problem-solving approaches they seem to cause can improve work efficiency or increase employees' creativity in problem solving,” say the authors.

“Business and government managers often promote 'clean desk' policies to avoid disorganized offices and messy desks, for the purpose of boosting work efficiency and productivity,” writes lead researcher Jia Liu of the University of Groningen in a paper published in the Journal of Consumer Research.

“This practice is based on the conventional wisdom that a disorganized and messy environment can clutter one's mind and complicate one's judgments.”

“However, not all evidence supports this conventional link between a messy environment and a messy mind.”

The scientists tested people's response in various 'messy' environments - including a messy shop front, a disorganized desk, and even a work environment where a language task 'reminded' people of messiness.

The authors found in the series of six studies people tended towards simplicity in their thinking.

“They categorized （分类） products in a simpler manner, were willing to pay more for a T-shirt that shows a simple-looking picture, and sought less variety in their choices.” said the researchers.

1. The purpose of the first two paragraphs is to show that _____．

A．A messy desk cannot contribute to clearer thinking

B．People thought more clearly about a messy desk and a shop front

C．People will feel confused when all around are chaos

D．People manage to simplify the tasks in messy environments

2. Why does the author take Albert Einstein as an example?

A．to support the idea that clearer thinking comes from messy environment．

B．to tell the fact that Einstein was known for his untidy desks．

C．to stop us from learning from Albert Einstein．

D．to call on us to develop a good habit．

3.How do people look at messy environment according to the conventional wisdom?

A．Messy environment will create clearer thinking．

B．Messy environment will simplify one' s judgment．

C．Messy environment can promote work efficiency．

D．Messy environment can block one' s mind．

4. What does the last paragraph imply?

A．People believe messy environment creates clearer thinking．

B．People sought more simplicity in the choices．

C．People were not willing to choose those complicated products．

D．Not all the people accept messy environment and complicated things

短文填词 （共10小题，每小题1分，满分10分）

Books are our friends. They introduce us many different kinds of knowledge.

They lead us down the road to _____(成功). Books are our teachers.1________

They ______ us truth, science, literature, and philosophy of life;2________

______ (此外)，they increase our knowledge, enlarge our experience, 3________

strengthen  our character and do many o_____ things which we 4________

can _____  do without them. We have to learn as long as we live. But5________

our life is ______ (有限的), and the knowledge is boundless. There are6________

many things _____ are very necessary to learn and there are also many7________

which should be _____ (回避). Books tell us what is good and what is not.  8_______

And only books can tell the good _____ the bad. Therefore, to read more  9________

books is the b____ policy for us young students.10________

书面表达（满分25分）

新课程实施以来，有些学校取消了晚自习，你所在的班级学生对是否取消晚自习展开了一次讨论。请结合以下讨论内容用英语写一篇短文，并发表自己的看法。

注意：1. 可适当增加细节，使行文连贯；

2. 词数：120左右，文章开头已给出，不计入总词数。

Recently, our class has held a heated discussion about whether evening classes should be cancelled.

The fire made _____ difficult to rescue the people trapped under the ruins in the earthquake.

A．/                B．this              C．that              D．it

He hurried to the station only _______ that the train had left.

A．to find            B．finding            C．found            D．to have found

The world will be different, and we will have to be prepared to ________ the change.

A．adapt to          B．adopt to           C．apply to           D．devote to

I have _______ some money for special use.

A．pick up           B．set aside          C．put off            D．give out

It seemed that the sea lion didn’t mind _______ with the tourists at all.

A．photograph        B．photographing      C．to photograph      D．being photographed

We regret to inform you that there are no tickets ______ for Friday’s performance.

A．available          B．spare             C．convenient        D．affordable

They would rather spend time_____ than ____in the street.

A read; wander                  B reading; wandering

C reading; to wandering              D reading; wander