Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward (别扭的) hand positions. They will allow the worker to keep the elbows (肘) next to the body to prevent damage to the shoulder and arm.
Overuse injuries can therefore be prevented or reduced if the employer provides, and workers use:
power tools rather than having to use muscle power
tools with specially designed handles(把手) that allow the wrist (手腕) to keep straight (see the figures图形). This means that hands and wrists are kept in the same position as they would be if they were hanging relaxed at a person’s side
tools with handles that can be held comfortably by the whole hand. This means having a selection of sizes---remember that tools that provide a comfortable firm hold for a person with a very large hand may be awkward for someone with a very small hand. This is a particularly important consideration for women who may use tools originally designed for men
tools that do not press fingers (or flesh )between the handles, and whose handles do not have sharp edges or a small surface area.
56. Which is the best title for the passage?
Good Tool Design for Women B. Importance of Good Tool Design
Tool Design and Prevention of Injuries D. Overuse of Tools and Worker Protection
57. Which of the following describes a well-designed tool?[]
It’s kept close to the body. B. It fully uses muscle power.
It makes users feel relaxed. D. It’s operated with less force.
58. What are the two figures(图形) used to show?
The effective use of the tool. B. The way of operating the tool.
The proper design of the handle. D. The purpose of bending the wrist.
59. In choosing tools for women, ________ of the handle is the most important.
A. the size B. the edge C. the shape D. the position
As skies are filled with millions of migrating(迁徙)birds, European scientists say the seasonal wonder appears to be strange: The fatter the bird, the better it flies.
The results of their study led to a theory opposite to a central one of aerodynamics(空气动力学),which say that the power needed to fly increased with weight.
For birds, obviously, the cost of flying with heavy fat is much smaller than we used to think. Researchers found that red knot wading birds double their normal body weight of 100 grams before making their twice-a-year nonstop flight between the British Isles and the Russian Arctic. Distance: 5,000 kilometers.
Another study in the magazine Nature measured the advantage of flying in an aerodynamic group which allows birds to save energy by flying smoothly and quietly in the lead bird’s air stream.
Flying in groups, their heart rates were 14.5 percent lower than flying alone, according to Henri, a French scientist. The findings help explain how birds complete difficult migrations. Researchers had thought that thinner, stronger birds would have the best chance to survive.
The first study suggests that building up fat to be burnt as fuel during the migration is worth more than the energy it bakes to carry the additional weight.
In the study, researchers said their team studied the birds flown at different body weights during 28 simulated(模拟的)flights. They forced a small amount of special water into the birds’ bodies so that they could measure the amount of energy burnt during the flight.
64. A red knot wading bird of 100 grams will probably weigh _________ before making its nonstop migrating flight.
A. 50 grams B. 100 grams C. 150 grams D. 200 grams
65. During their migrating flight, red knot wading birds can save energy by flying ________.
A. separately B. alone C. in groups D. in pairs
66. A _______ red knot wading bird has a better chance to survive during its migrating flight.
A. stronger B. weaker C. thinner D. fatter
67. The best title for this passage may probably be __________.
A. Birds Thin Down For Journey B. Birds Fatten Up For Journey
C. How Birds Build Up Fat For Journey D. How Birds Burn Energy For Journey
The classical study of family size and IQ was conducted in the Netherlands. It was based on the military examinations of more than 386,000 Dutchmen. Researchers found that the brightest subjects came from the smallest families and had few, if any, brothers and sisters when they were born. Thus the firstborn child in a family of two was usually brighter than the last child in a family.
The effects of family size on intelligence may be explained by what a house full of children does to the home environment. It increases the amount of time a child spends with other children and decreases the amount of parental attention he or she receives. For example, a parent with one restless child is likely to sit and play with the child. The same parent with two or three restless children is more likely to ask them to play with each other. Some psychologists say that when a child interacts with an adult alone, the child learns more and therefore intelligence is increased. Researchers have also found that parents often expect more from their firstborn, which motivates such children to seek a higher standard.
Not all psychologists agree that firstborns tend to be more intelligent. They say that the data need to be examined more closely for other possible explanations. For example, in industrialized nations most large families come from lower socio-economic backgrounds. Thus environment, not family size or birth order, may be influencing intelligence. On the other hand, there may be genetic variations (基因变异) within families that also explain the cause of differences.
If firstborns have advantages in the area of intelligence, research has also shown that they may be more conforming (墨守成规) and have poorer social skills than their younger siblings (brothers and sisters ). Although more research needs to be done in this area, it is clear that such factors as birth order, the order in which boys and girls are born into a family, the number of years that separate siblings probably have an effect on the development of intelligence, personality, and social relationships.
60. The underlined word "subjects" in the first paragraph means ________.
A. branches of knowledge B. persons chosen to be studied in experiments
C. any member of a state except the top ruler D. something to be considered
61. Psychologists are divided with regard to (关于) their opinions toward________.
A. the way in which the data are explained B. the advantages of firstborns in the area of IQ
C. the planned size of families D. the factors influencing intelligence
62. Why are firstborns encouraged to seek a higher standard?
A. They are more obedient (服从) and have poorer social skills.
B. Their parents spend less time with other children.
C. They obtain more attention from their parents.
D. Their parents expect more from them.
63. The best title for this passage would be________.
A. Family Size and IQ B. The Preference of Boys to Girls
C. The Development of Intelligence D. Factors Influencing IQ
Not all memories are sweet.Some people spend all their lives trying to forget bad experiences.Violence and traffic accidents can leave people with terrible physical and emotional scars. Often they relive these experiences.
Now American researchers think they are close to developing a pill, which help people forget bad memories. The pill is designed to be taken immediately after a frightening experience. They hope it might reduce, or possibly erase the effect of painful memories.
In November, experts tested a drug on people in the US and France. The drug stops the body releasing chemicals that fix memories in the brain.So far, the research has suggested that only the emotional effects of meomories may be reduced, not that the memories are erased.
The research has caused a great deal of argument. Some think it is a bad idea, while others support it.Supporters say it could lead to pills that prevent or treat soldiers’ troubling memories after wars.
They say that there are many people who suffer from terrible memories. “Some memories can ruin people’s lives.They come back to you when you don’t want to have them in a daydream or nightmare. They usually come with very painful emotions,”said Roger Pitman, a professor of psychiatry(精神病学)at Harvard Medical School. “This could relieve（减轻）a lot of that suffering.”
But those who are against the research say that changing memories is very dangerous because memories give us our identity. They also help us avoid the mistakes in the past. “All of us can think of bad events in our lives that were horrible at the time but make us who we are. I am not sure we’d want to wipe those memories out.”said Rebecca Dresser, a medical ethicist.
63.What’s the main idea of this passage?
A. People often suffer from bad memories.
B. American researchers are trying to develop a pill.
C. Forget bad memories , and be happy.
D. The research has caused a heated argument.
64.The underlined word “it”in Paragraph 4 refers to “_____”.
A. the new drug B. the research into the drug
C. the bad memory D. the chemical in the drug
65.Which of the following is NOT the opinion of the opponents(反对者)?
A. Our memories give us our identity.
B. The memories help human avoid mistakes of the past.
C. The drug should be used in only very serious cases.
D. People may not be sure whether they want to wipe the memories out.
You might think that “global warming” means nothing more than a rise in the world’s temperature But rising sea levels caused by it have resulted in the first evacuation（撤离）of an island nation—the citizens of Tuvalu will have to leave their homeland.
During the 20th century, sea level rose 8—12 inches. As a result .Tuvalu has experienced lowland flooding of salt water which has polluted the country’s drinking water.
Paani Laupepa, a Tuvaluan government official ,reported to the Earth Policy Institute that the nation suffered an unusually high number of fierce storms in the past ten years. Many scientists connect higher surface water temperatures resulting from global warming to greater and more damaging storms.
Laupepa expressed dissatisfaction with the United States for refusing to sign the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement calling for industrialized nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions（导致温室效应的气体排放）,which are a main cause of global warming. “By refusing to sign the agreement ,the US has effectively taken away the freedom of future generations of Tuvaluans to live where their forefathers have lived for thousands of years,” Laupepa told the BBC.
Tuvalu has asked Australia and New Zealand to allow the gradual move of its people to both countries .
Tuvalu is not the only country that is vulnerable （易受影响的）to rising sea levels. Maumoon Gayoon, president of the Maldives ,told the United Nations that global warming has made his country of 311,000 an “endangered nation”.
60．The text is mainly about .
A．rapid changes in earth’s temperature B．bad effects of global warming
C．moving of a country to a new place D．reasons for lowland flooding
61．According to scientists ,the DIRECT cause of more and fiercer storms is .
A．greenhouse gas emissions in industrialized nations
B．higher surface water temperatures of the sea
C．continuous global warming
D．rising sea levels
62．Laupepa was not satisfied with the United States because it did not .
A．agree to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions
B．sign an agreement with Tuvalu
C．allow Tuvaluans to move to the US
D．believe the problems facing Tuvalu were real
63．The country whose situation is similar to that of Tuvalu is .
A．Australia B．New Zealand C．the Maldives D．the United States
Many animals recognize their food because they see it. So do humans. When you see an apple or a piece of chocolate you know that these are things you can eat. You can also use other senses when you choose your food. You may like it because it smells good or because it tastes good. You may dislike some types of food because they do not look, smell or taste very nice. Different animals use different sense, to find and choose their food. A few animals depend on only one of their senses. while most animals use more than one sense.
Although there are many different types of food, some animals spend their lives eating only one type. The giant panda (大熊猫) eats only one particular type of bamboo (竹子). Other animals eat only one type of food even when given the choice. A kind of white butterfly (蝴蝶) will stay on the leaves of a cabbage, even though there are plenty of other vegetables in the garden. However, most animals have a more varied diet (多样化饮食). The bear eats fruits and fish. The fox eats small animals, birds and fruits. The diet of these animals will be different depending on the season.
Humans have a very varied diet. We often eat food because we like it and not because it is good for us. In countries such as France and Britain, people eat foods with too much sugar. This makes them overweight, which is bad for their health. Eating too much red meat and animal products, such as butter, can also be bad for the health, Choosing the right food, therefore, has become an area of study in modern life.
78. We can infer from the text that humans and animals - —.
A. depend on one sense in choosing food B. are not satisfied with their food
C. choose food in similar ways D. eat entirely different food
79. Which of the following eats only one type of food?
A. The white butterfly. B. The small bird. C. The bear. D. The fox.
80. Certain animals change their choice of food when _________
A. the season changes B. the food color changes
C. they move to different places D. they are attracted by different smells
We know that many animals do not stay in one place. Birds, fish and other animals move from one place to another at a certain time. They move for different reasons most of them move to find food more easily, but others move to get away from places that are too crowded. When cold weather comes, many birds move to warmer places to find food. Some fishes give birth in warm water and move to cold water to feed. The most famous migration（迁移）is probably the migration of the fish, which is called “salmon”. This fish is born in fresh water but it travels many miles to salt water. There it spends its life. When it is old, it returns to its birthplace in fresh water. Then it gives birth and dies there. In northern Europe, there is a kind of mice. They leave their mountain homes when they become too crowded. They move down to the low land. Sometimes they move all the way to the seaside, and many of them are killed when they fall into the sea.
Recently, scientists have studied the migration of a kind of lobsters（龙虾）. Every year, when the season of bad weather arrives, the lobsters get into a long line and start to walk across the floor of the ocean. Nobody knows why they do this, and nobody knows where they go. So, sometimes we know why humans and animals move from one place to another, but at other times we don’t. Maybe living things just like to travel.
51. Most animals move from one place to another at a certain time to __________ .
A. give birth B. enjoy warmer weather
C. find food more easily D. find beautiful places
52. The fish called “salmon” spends a long life in __________ .
A. salt water B. rivers
C. fresh water D. its birthplace
53. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Animals move in order to find food more easily.
B. The migration of the fish called “salmon” is the most famous migration.
C. Living things move from one place to another because they like to travel.
D. Sometimes we know why and how living things move from one place to another, but sometimes we don’t.
A healthy amount of sunshine may be the secret to staying young. British scientists have discovered.
Vitamin D is produced naturally by the skin in response to(对…的反应) sunlight and may help to slow the ageing process and protect against heart disease, according to the study.
Researchers from King’s College London studied 2,160 women aged between 18 and 79, looking at their telomeres--- a biological marker of ageing found in DNA. As people get older, their telomeres get shorter and they become more susceptible(易受伤害的) to certain illnesses.
But the study found women with high levels of vitamin D had comparatively longer telomeres--- a sign of being biologically younger and healthier.
The study suggests vitamin D may help to slow down the ageing process of DNA, and therefore the ageing process as a whole.
Lead researcher Dr Brent Richards said, “These results are exciting because they show for the first time that people who have higher levels of vitamin D may age more slowly than people with lower levels of vitamin D.” This could help to explain how vitamin D has a protective effect on many ageing related diseases, such as heart disease and cancer.”
Professor Tim Spector, a co-author of the report, added, “ Although it might sound absurd(荒唐的), it’s possible that the same sunshine which may increase our risk of skin cancer may also have a healthy effect on the general ageing process.
Vitamin D made by the action of sunlight on the skin accounts for 90 percent of the body’s supply, but lower levels can also be got through food such as fish, eggs and breakfast cereals(粥).
Other studies have suggested the vitamin plays a key role in protecting against cancer and heart disease.
61. A certain amount of sunshine helps people stay young because _________.
A. people feel happy and energetic in the sun B. sunshine protects people against heart disease
C. vitamin D makes one’s skin look young and healthy
D. vitamin D may help to slow the ageing process
62. From Brent Richards, we know that ________.
A. sunlight causes skin cancer to people with high level of vitamin D
B. the study generally has a healthy effect on the general ageing process
C. vitamin D can only be got from fish, eggs and breakfast cereals
D. the higher levels of vitamin D people have, the more slowly people may age
63. What can we infer from the passage?
A. Telomeres are important as they are signs of ageing of the DNA.
B. Sunlight can be dangerous as it causes skin cancer.
C. Sunlight does more good than harm to our health.
D. Vitamin D can also be gained from food.
64. What is the best title of the passage?
A. Secret of Staying Young B. Vitamin D Helps Slow Ageing
C. Sunlight and Vitamin D D. Sunlight and Health
Malnutrition (营养失调)remains a serious problem for India. But a new study shows that India’s leading causes of death now also include diseases related to obesity （肥胖）such as heart disease.
India’s National Family Health Survey shows that more than twenty percent of Indians living in cities are overweight or obese. And in the northwestern state of Punjab, that is true for almost forty percent of women.
Aradhna Tripathi is a business professional in New Delhi. She said, “ Eating is the most important thing in any Indian household and how you show your love and gratitude(感激) for a person is through the kind of food you serve him. And the kind of lifestyle we are leading is one of the reasons why we have the number of obese people increasing every day.
But Aradhna Tripathi says she has decided to lose weight. Her mother and grandmother are also diabetic(患糖尿病的). In fact, the International Diabetes Federation says India is now the diabetes capital of the world. Researchers say Indians store more body fat per kilogram than Europeans. That means obese Indians are even more at the risk of diabetes than other people.
Doctor Anoop Misra at Fortis Hospital in New Delhi says the risk of diabetes is crossing social and economic lines. Five years ago, he says, obesity and diabetes were limited to India’s richest people, but now things have changed.
But Doctor Misra is hopeful that the spread (蔓延，传播)of obesity can be slowed. And he says it must start in schools by giving all Indian children the same instruction on physical activity and diet.
The World Health Organization says China is also moving up in obesity rates. The estimate (估计) has reached about five percent countryside and as high as twenty percent in some cities.
78.What is this passage mainly about?
A. Obesity has become a big killer in India.
B. Heart disease is troubling people in India.
C. People in India live a very unhealthy life.
D.Malnutrition remains a serious problem in India.
According to Aradhna Tripathi , one of the causes of the obesity problems is_________.
A. .the development of economy
B. the change of Indians’ lifestyle
C. Indians’ attitude （态度）towards eating
D. Indians’ attitude towards obesity.
80. What can we infer from the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5?
A. Most wealthy people in India are overweight.
B. Five years ago, few people in India were overweight
C. Few poor people are diabetic for economic reasons.
D. Now even the poor in India suffer from obesity.
It’s Friday morning in the year of 2050, and you’re running late. You got distracted(分心) watching the music video that was playing in the corner of your bathroom mirror while you were brushing your teeth. How will you get to your office on time?
A quick check of your internet-connected refrigerator magnet tells your train, which travels at speeds up to 230 miles an hour, is a bit behind schedule, too. So you decide to drive your environmentally-friendly hydrogen fuel cell car instead, or rather, let your car drive you. It’s programmed to know the way, and it will get you there without speeding, getting lost, or crashing.
Settling into your office chair, which changes colour to match what you’re wearing, you pick up yesterday morning’s newspaper. Printed on reusable electronic paper, it instantly rewrites itself with today’s headlines. Now it’s time for your big meeting. Uh-oh! You’ve left your handwritten notes at home. No problem. The digital ink pen you used has stored an electronic copy of what you wrote.
Your wristwatch videophone suddenly rings. Your best friend’s face pops up on the organic light-emitting diode screen asking what you’re doing this weekend. “Will you slap on your 3-D contact lenses and play virtual soccer with the US Olympic team?” “No, no,” Your friend says, “I want to take the elevator which is made of microscopic fibers many times stronger than steel to get into space.”
Could this scene really take place in just a couple of decades? The researchers who are currently developing all this stuff think so. These gadgets(器械) may be as common in 20 years as cell phones and DVD players are today.
63. According to the passage, __________.
A. your office colour will change to that of what you’re wearing
B. newspapers will go electronic
C. you usually go to work by car
D. the digital ink pen makes writing so easy
64. You decide to use your hydrogen fuel cell car because __________.
A. it is safe, quick and comfortable B. it is environmentally-friendly
C. your train is late for some reason D. you are too late to catch your train
65. What will life be like in the year of 2050 according to the passage?
A. Space tourism will be a reality.
B. Videophones will replace face-to-face communication.
C. Transportation will be trouble-free.
D. People will have more time to go in for their hobbies.
