The history of Chinese calligraphy is probably as long as that of China itself. Calligraphy is a special category in China’s world of fine arts. Through the centuries Chinese characters have changed constantly and are mainly divided into five categories today: the seal script (zhuan shu), official script (li shu), regular script (kai shu), running script (xing shu) and cursive script (cao shu).

Calligraphy involves a great deal of theory and requires many skills. Among the most outstanding calligraphers in ancient China were Wang Xizhi, Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhengqing, and Liu Gongquan, who are known for pioneering their own styles.

In writhing calligraphy, one will need a brush, paper, an ink-stick and an ink-stone, commonly referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study”. There are different types of brushes. White-goat-hair, black-rabbit-hair and yellow-weasel-hair brushes are the main ones. According to their function, brushes are classified into three groups: hard, soft and medium. Brush sticks are usually made of bamboo, wood, or porcelain; ivory or jade sticks are rare and precious.

The ink-stick is a unique pigment used for Chinese traditional painting and calligraphy. The most famous ink-stick is hui mo (Anhui ink stick), made from pines that grow on Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province. Clean water is needed to grind the ink-stick. Press the ink-stick hard and rub it lightly, slowly and evenly against the ink slab to make thick, liquid-ink.

While paper comes in many varieties, Xuan paper, produced in Xuanzhou (today’s Anhui Province), is considered the best for Chinese calligraphy. The paper is soft and fine textured, suitable for conveying the artistic expression of both Chinese calligraphy and painting. With a good tensile strength and moth-proof quality, the paper can be preserved for a long time.

Ink-stones or ink-slabs have been classified into three categories: Duan, she and Tao. Features common to all three are hardness and fineness. Although the stone is hard and fine, it is not dry or slippery. Using a hard and smooth stone, liquid ink can be produced easily by rubbing the ink-stick against the stone.

By handling the brush and ink skillfully and carefully, the artist can produce an infinite variety of calligraphic styles and forms.

Title: Chinese Calligraphy

Some days you wake up and right when you are going to begin your work, you feel a presence within you that stops you from doing so. You don’t want to work today and you don’t feel motivated to do anything but just escape. Without this motivation, you feel a little hopeless, lost, and stuck. But sometimes even if there is no motivation, you can still feel inspired.

Connect the Dots

Steve Jobs has never finished college. After studying in college for 6 months, he couldn’t see the value in it and dropped out. Not knowing where to go in life, he decided to take a class in calligraphy (书法). Ten years later, he designed something that has affected the different types of typography (排版) that we use today. If he hadn’t dropped out in college, he would never have taken that calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography.

Sometimes when you’re trying to reach a goal, it’s impossible to connect the dots where you currently are. Somehow you just have to trust yourself, and have faith that you will reach your dreams, despite not having the slightest clue or perfectly laid-out road to where you are going. Nobody can connect the dots looking forward; you only can connect them when you’re looking backwards. You have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in the future; you have to trust in something, whether it’s destiny (天数，命运) or not, but trusting yourself is the first step towards feeling inspired and having the motivation to move forward.

Perfect Your Environment

Look around your room right now or your workspace. Does it inspire you? Does it give you motivation? Is it noisy or quiet? Sometimes the hardest thing we do to ourselves is try to force ourselves to work in an area that is subconsciously telling us, “I can’t work here.”

And when you are constantly trying to discipline yourself, you will feel worse and be less productive. Instead try to build your ideal workplace and ideal time. Perhaps add a piece of artwork or a quote of your favorite person nearby you on the wall. Maybe add a beautiful plant in the corner to give you inspiration. If you feel more energy and enthusiasm during the night, schedule your day to work at midnight if you can. If you can realize the power of having a productive environment, you will naturally feel inspired and motivated to get work done.

Don’t Work So Hard

If you’re trying to force your way into taking action, it could be a sign that you are working too hard. Most people won’t wake up and waste an hour imagining, thinking further, or confirming, and the first thing they think about is asking “what do I need to do today?” And when they get the answer, they feel miserable, as if their work suddenly weighs them down. But if you spend time focusing on your goals, you’ll receive good feelings—feelings that help you feel inspired and motivated to take real action.

Don’t try to paddle upstream. That just basically equals saying to yourself that you need to force yourself to work hard every day. Instead, paddle along the stream of the river. Trust yourself, let your environment work in your favor, and spend some a little bit of time putting yourself in a state before you work. Inspiration will come to you from different ways—inside and outside—and give you the motivation to guide yourself towards reaching your dreams.

There are a number of languages spoken throughout the world. Every person knows at least one language, which he learns in his childhood and is routinely used for speaking and writing. However, many people are fond of learning two or more languages, so they try to be bilingual, which means that they try to have the knowledge of two or more languages. And being bilingual can bring a person a number of benefits in various aspects. For example:

A person can get cognitive(认知的) benefits from it. The bilingual people have two or more words for each idea and object. Therefore, a bilingual person can develop a creative thinking. The bilinguals are aware of which language should be spoken with which person in a particular situation. So they are more sensitive(敏感的) to the needs of the listener than the people who only use one language: Being bilingual also improves and enriches a person's mental development.

Being bilingual has a positive effect on a person's character. The bilinguals are able to switch between different languages and talk to different people in various languages. It increases a sense of self-esteem( 自尊). Being bilingual creates a powerful link in different people from different countries.

A bilingual education offers better curriculum(课程) results. The bilinguals tend to show a higher performance in examinations and tests. The bilinguals find it quite easy to learn and speak three, four or more languages.

Being bilingual offers potential employment benefits. It offers a wider choice of jobs in various fields. The bilinguals can get a great many career opportunities in transport, tourism, public relations, marketing and sales, banking, translation, law, teaching and so on.

So it can be concluded from the above that we should try our best to learn and master two or more languages.

Title: 71.__________ of being bilingual

Are you a procrastinator?

    Following a schedule and doing things on time is extremely important in today’s busy world.

Unfortunately, not everyone is good at doing this. Many people are procrastinators; they put off

doing things that they need to until it’s too late.

We all put off doing things at times. Statistics show that 90% of university students will often put off studying for a test or writing an important paper the night before, 25% of university students put off almost everything all the time. This more serious form of procrastination can result in a student dropping out of school. Students who put off doing their assignments once in a while get further and further behind in their studies. Before long, they feel completely helpless. For the chronic（长期的）procrastinator, often the only way to solve this problem is to quit school.

According to recent studies, there are three main reasons that students put off doing things. First, many have poor time-management skills and often try to do too much in too little time. In the end, these students often feel helpless and will put off doing many things they need to. Another reason why students put off doing things is that they feel a subject is boring and have something because they don’t like it. a third reason why many students put off doing things is that they often worry that their work will never be as good as it should be and fear failure of any kind, which, unfortunately , can often cause these students to put off doing any work at all.

Do you recognize any of these signs in yourself? If so, you may want to do something about your tendency towards procrastination. The following five tips may be helpful.

First, list the things in life that are important to you, and then list the reasons why you are at school or university. Look at the two lists and see where they match. Is there something you need to do in order to achieve a life goal?

Second, chose realistic goals for yourself; don’t try to do more than you can.

Third, once you have identified our goals, list them and ask yourself “Which should I do first?” As you become more aware of what you need to do and when you need to do it, you will feel more in control and will be able to complete tasks on time.

Fourth, manage your time wisely. Create a schedule that allows adequate time for accomplishing a goal; for example, your schedule should give you enough time to study for and pass a test, as well as time to relax. W ww.k s5u.co m

Finally, when you accomplish a goal, do something good for yourself as a reward.

If you believe that you are a chronic procrastinator, you should try to get help before it is too late. Talk to a professional, and discuss the problem. If you are a mild procrastinator, make sure to keep yourself motivated, but don’t worry too much. Remember-we all put off doing things at times.

Title: Are you a procrastinator?

You probably already know that you can lose weight by limiting those foods that add pounds as well as to cut back on portion sizes. But if you’re an emotional eater, you’ll still turn to food if you don’t deal with your feelings.

What is Emotional Eating?

Basically, emotional eating is eating for reasons other than hunger. In other words, rather than reaching for food because your body tells you it needs food, you are addicted because your emotions need to be satisfied. Instead of the gradual urge you get when you’re physically hungry, emotional eating strikes you suddenly. While you can usually wait to eat because you’re physically hungry, you feel an immediacy to fill an emotional emptiness. Instead of filling the empty space with healthy choices, emotional eaters use food for comfort. For women, it’s usually ice cream or chocolate, while men reach for steak and French fries.

Emotional Eating Leaves You Feeling Guilty

Besides blow up your stomach, emotional eating does harm to your mind. When you eat for physical reasons you don’t feel guilty. But when you grab for food when you’re not even hungry, just because you’re feeding your emotions, you feel guilty afterward.

Recognizing the “Red Lights” with “HALT”

A good rule of thumb when you’re lured（诱惑）into emotional eating is to remember to HALT. Besides being reminded to halt before you do any damage, remember what HALT represents.

“H” is for hungry---Sometimes you can feel physical hunger when you’re on the point of an emotional eating. But rather than reaching for those comfort foods loaded with fats, and sugar, make better choices such as proteins, fruits and vegetables.

 “A” is for anxious---It’s easy to fall into emotional eating when you’re worried and tense. Rather than turning to food, do whatever works to calm your nerves. Call a friend, pray, or keep a record of your feelings. Just don’t reach into the fridge.

“L” is for lonely---Too often emotional eaters use food for companionship. Instead of comforting yourself with food, join a group of caring people who understand your problem. Twelve-step groups such as Overeaters Anonymous are excellent for connecting with others who struggle with your the same food addictions as you do. Not only will you receive tools for recovery, but you’ll also realize you’re not alone.

“T” is for tired---When exhausted, either physically or emotionally, emotional eaters turn to food. Instead, get some rest or eat something good for you.

Breaking the Addiction

Often emotional eaters aren’t even aware that they’re overeating because something is troubling them. What’s more, when they realize they’re eating because their emotions are running wild, sometimes they don’t even know why they’re upset. Whenever you feel the temptation to eat out of your emotions, replace it with constructive activities such as calling a friend, walking your dog, gardening or exercising...

Most importantly, find out the reason(s) why you overeat. It’s not so much what you eat, but what’s eating you. Unless you get to the root of why you overeat you won’t conquer your food addiction. 

Emotional Eating

Job interviews never seem easy.To get a job,you may have more interviews than you can count.To succeed in an interview，you should pay attention to the following common mistake.

Lack of proper preparations.Failure to gather information on the company and the job before the interview makes a very poor impression on interviews;it suggests that you are not really that interested in the position.

Inappropriate personal appearance.Consider the nature of the position and dress accordingly.When in doubt,dressing somewhat more formally than you think would be expected for the job.Be conservative and pay attention to details,such as shiny shoes,neat hair,etc.First impressions are very important.

Poor non-verbal communication.In addition to what you are saying,your non-verbal behavior is very important in an interview.Are you making eye contact?Are you listening attentively when the interviewer is speaking?Are you giving a firm handshake by the interviews?Are you nervous during the interview？Practice with a friend or in front of a mirror to assess these factors.

Poor attitude.Self-centered behavior（.i.e.a”what’s in it for me”attitude）is very poorly received by interviewers.Ask yourself what you can contribute to the company?What skills and

experience would you bring to the job？

Failure to ask questions.Employers will assess your interest in the company and the position you ask.Proper research before the interview will help ensure that the questions you ask are intelligent ones.

Being disorganized.Make sure you arrive at the company a few minutes early so that you have time to get calm and check your appearance.Arriving late is simply unacceptable，so plan for the unexpected.Always bring an extra copy of your resume and reference to an interview.

Over-or under-answering questions.For most interview questions a “Yes”or “No”answer is not appropriate.Positive more details for an employer and cite examples from personal experience wherever possible.Do not,however,talk endlessly and feel that you have to keep speaking if there’s silence.When you have said what you want to say ,stop talking.If you do not understand a Question,.seek clear explanation before responding.

Failure to send a thank-you note or card following the interview.Take the time to send the thank-you card,which can make an important impact on an employer.Not only does it show your sincere interest in the position,but it also helps make you different from other interview candidates.

So long as teachers fail to distinguish between teaching and learning, they will continue to undertake to do for children that which only children can do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities about reading. Douglas insists that “reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the impossible.”

       Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They differ in kind and function. The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also public activity: It can be seen and observed.

       Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny.

       If teacher and learner roles are not interchangeable, what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the quest（探索）for knowledge? Smith has one principal rule for all teaching instructions. “Make learning to read easy, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children.”

       When the roles of teacher and learner are seen for what they are, and when both teacher and learner fulfil them appropriately, then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is eliminated. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of leaning to read by reading.

81.The problem with the reading course as mentioned in the first paragraph is that _______.

82.The teaching of reading will be successful if ________.

83.The word “scrutiny” (Line 3, Para.3) most probably means “_________”.

84.What is the main idea of the passage ?

_________________________________________________________.

If you are invited to an American friend’s home for dinner, keep in mind these general rules for polite behavior. First of all, arrive approximately on time ( but not early). Americans expect promptness. It is OK to be 10 or 15 minutes late, but not 45 minutes late. Dinner might be overcooked and ruined by then. When you are invited to someone’s home for a meal, it is polite to “bring a small gift”. Flowers or candy are always appropriate. If you have an attractive item made in your native country, your host and/ or hostess would certainly enjoy receiving that as a gift.

Some Americans don’t know about the dietary restrictions of various ethnic and religious. Don’t make a fuss about it. If your host doesn’t say anything about what you are eating, then you shouldn’t, either. Simply eat what you can and hope that no one notices what you left. If you are questioned, you may have to admit that you don’t eat meat (or whatever), but you can also say that you have enjoyed the other foods and have had “more than enough” to eat. Don’t make the cook feel obliged to prepare something else for you. Be sure to compliment the cook on the food that you enjoyed.

Don’t leave immediately after dinner, but don’t overstay your welcome, either. When your friends seem to be getting tired and running out of conversation, take their behavior as a cue to leave. The next day, call or write a thank-you note to say how much you enjoyed the evening.

If you invite someone to join you for dinner in a restaurant, phone the restaurant first to find out if you need a reservation in order to avoid a long wait for a table. To make a reservation, just give your name, the number of people in your group, and the time you plan to arrive. When you invite someone to dinner, you should be prepared to pay the bill and reach for it when it arrives. However, if your companion insists on paying his or her share, don’t get into an argument about it. Some people prefer to pay their own way so that they don’t feel indebted, and those feelings should be respected. In most American restaurants, the waiter or waitress’ tip is not added to the bill. If the service was adequate, it is customary to leave a tip equal to about 15% of bill. In expensive restaurants, leave a bit more.

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN 13 WORDS.)

80. When invited to an American family for dinner, the first rule of polite behavior to keep in mind is to __________________________________.

81. The author uses the expression of “host and/or hostess” to avoid the impression of  

   _______________________________________.

82. When served a food that you don’t like in an American family, what is the proper thing for you to do?

   ___________________________________________________.

83. What is the proper amount of tip in an expensive American restaurant ?

   ________________________________________________.

请阅读下列出游者和旅游景点的相关信息，并按照要求匹配适合他们的旅游景点。请将对应题号的相应选项的字母写在答题卷上。

61. Daniel, a young computer programmer, has been working hard and needs a holiday to relax in winter. He likes to get close to nature and enjoy water sports.

62. Henry and Ann and their two teenage sons, hope to take their holiday outdoors. They would like to find a place where they can play games, such as looking for treasure.

63. Philip, a high school student, wants to travel on weekends, and would like to learn about materials to use when building a setting for the train set.

64. Teresa, a primary school teacher, plans to take the whole class of 20 students for a holiday. The students will graduate this year, so she’d like to organize an activity without charge but it is instructive.

65. Tony, a young engineer in a modern car factory, enjoys an adventure journey once a year. This time, he would like to have journeys to the countryside, where he can try to learn about driving a horse and carriage.

Brightwood Park

Take you up to Westfield’s natural preserve for a short hike or to practice skipping stones in the large pond. You can look for deer and other woodland animals or go on a nature treasure hunt.

Jewark Airport

The airport offers free tours covering the history of the airport, terminal operations, and emergency vehicles and equipment for groups of 15 to 30 persons. The tours are intended for students in grades three and above. See also Newark International Airport.

Cheesequake State Park 

The Cheesequake State Park features 1,284 acres of open fields, a hardwood forest, a variety of wildlife and about 200 species of birds. Activities include hiking, boating, canoeing, swimming and a variety of winter sports. An interpretive Center provides live wildlife exhibits and environmental education programs, including nature walks.

The Model Railroad Club 

The Model Railroad Club is an activity of the Union County Park System. The Club is open to visitors every Saturday afternoon for viewing the model train displays. Every fall, the Club sponsors a Light and Sound Show that will delight the model train lovers.

Fosterfields Living Historical Farm

Learn about farming as it was done 100 years ago at Fosterfields Living Historical Farm. There are weekend demonstrations on planting and harvesting crops as well as special programs held throughout the year. Some of these include wool cutting and carriage driving.

Deutsch Museum

Germany's leading museum of science, engineering, and transportation has everything from steam engines to space exhibits--some of which are closed for remodeling until May, 2003. Don't miss the Forum der Technik, which has a world-class planetarium and an IMAX theatre.