As we all know，it was Thomas Jefferson who wrote the Declaration of Independence （独立宣言）．He wrote it in two weeks，and after a few changes，it was accepted by the Congress．As a result，he became famous in America's history．

Born in Virginia，Thomas Jefferson，a brilliant student at school and almost talented lawyer later，was much interested in politics．

 Jefferson was elected Governor of Virginia in 1779，and he was sent to France as the Representative of the American Government in 1784．Sixteen years later，at the age of 57，he was elected president after Washington and Adams．

Far from a handsome man，he was is tall with long arms and big hands．Jefferson，who was an amusing talker in conversation，but a poor speaker，was generally good-natured．

Jefferson was regarded as a defender（捍卫者）of freedom Of America．As a president，he protected the right of speech．Interestingly enough，in his eight years as president，：Jefferson never said “No” to a bill（议案）!which the Congress had passed．He did a lot in organizing the new University of Virginia．

    Thomas Jefferson died on July the fourth，1826，the fiftieth anniversary of America’s independence．  

1．We are most likely to read this passage in            ．

    A．a daily newspaper                             B．a popular advertisement

    C．a hi story book                                   D．an important notice

2．Which of the following statements about Jefferson’s personality is true?

     A．He was a shy and slow learner when he was at school．

      B．He was not an easy person to get along with at all

    C．He was not only very talented but also very handsome．

      D．He was an amusing talker，but not good at speaking in public．

3．Jefferson’s greatest contribution in America’ history is that              ．

    A．he was for the right of free speech

    B．he was sent to France as the Representative

    C．he wrote the Declaration of Independence

    D．he organized the new University of Virginia

4．Thomas Jefferson was elected president of the United States in the year of          ．

    A．1779           B．1784             C．1800               D．1826

An old problem is getting new attention in the United States—bullying．Recent cases included the tragic case of a fifteen-year-old girl whose family moved from Ireland．She hanged herself in Massachusetts in January following months of bullying．Her parents criticized her school for failing to protect her．Officials have brought criminal charges against several teenagers．

Judy Kuczynski is president of an anti-bullying group called Bully Police USA．Her daughter Tina was the victim of severe bullying starting in middle school in the state of Minnesota．Her said, "Our daughter was a very outgoing child．She was a bubbly personality, very involved in all kinds of things, had lots of friends．And over a period of time her grades fell completely．She started having health issues．She couldn't sleep．She wasn't eating．She had terrible stomach pains．She started clenching her jaw and grinding her teeth at night．Didn't want to go to school．"

Bullying is defined as negative behavior repeated over time against the same person．It can involve physical violence．Or it can be verbal — for example, insults or threats．Spreading lies about someone or excluding a person from a group is known as social or relational bullying．

And now there is cyber bullying, which uses the Internet, e-mail or text messages．It has easy appeal for the bully because it does not involve face-to-face contact and it can be done at any time．

The first serious research studies into bullying were done in Norway in the late 1970s．The latest government study in the United States was released last year．It found that about one-third of students age twelve to eighteen were bullied at school．

Susan Sweater is a psychologist at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and co-director of the Bullying Research Network．She says schools should treat bullying as a mental health problem to get bullies and victims the help they need．She says bullying is connected to depression, anxiety and anti-social behavior, and bullies are often victims themselves．

1．From the case of Tina, we can know that            ．

       A．bullying is rare                                     B．victims suffered a lot

       C．schools are to blame                            D．personalities are related

2．Which of the following is NOT bullying?

       A．To beat someone repeatedly．               B．To call someone names．

       C．To isolate someone from friends．        D．To refuse to help someone in need．

3．Why is cyber bullying appealing to the bully?

       A．Because it can involve more people．    B．Because it can create worse effects．

       C．Because it is more convenient．            D．Because it can avoid cheating．

4．According to Susan Sweater,           ．

       A．bullies are anti-social                            B．bullies should give victims help

       C．students are not unequally treated          D．bullies themselves also need help

5．Which of the following can be the best title of the text?

       A．Bullying—Old Irish Girl Committed Suicide

       B．15-Year-Old Irish Girl Committed Suicide

       C．Cyberbullying-Taking Off in Schools

       D．How to Find Bullying among Teens

Birds that are half-asleep—with one brain hemisphere（半球）alert and the other sleeping—control which side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of sleeping ducks．

    Earlier studies have documented half-brain sleep in a wide range of birds．The brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain waves．The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful hemisphere’s eye stays open and alert．Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once．

    Decades of studies of bird groups led researchers to predict extra alertness in the end-of-the-row sleepers which tend to be attacked more easily．Sure enough, the end birds tended to watch carefully on the side away from their companions．Ducks in the inner spots showed no preference for gaze direction．

    Also, birds napping at the end of the line depend on single-hemisphere sleep, rather than total relaxation, more often than inner ducks did．Turning 16 birds through the positions in a four-duck row, the researchers found that compared with 12 percent for birds in internal spots, outer birds half-asleep during some 32 percent of napping time．

    “We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep and wakefulness at the same time in different regions of the brain,” the researchers say．

    The results provide the best evidence for a long-standing assumption that single-hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies．The preference for opening an eye on the lookout side could be widespread, he predicts．He’s seen it in a pair of birds napping side-by-side in the zoo and in a single pet bird sleeping by a mirror．The mirror-side eye closed as if the reflection were a companion and the other eye stayed open．

    Useful as half-sleeping might be, it’s only been found in birds and such water animals as dolphins, whales, and seals．Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning．

    Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep．Jerome M．Siegel of the UCLA says he wonders if birds’ half-brain sleep “is just the tip of the iceberg．” He supposes that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other species．

1．According to the passage, birds often half sleep because ______．

       A．they have to watch out for possible attacks

       B．their brain hemispheres take turns to rest

       C．the two halves of their brain are differently structured

       D．they have to constantly keep an eye on their companions

2．What is implied about the example of a bird’s sleeping in front of a mirror?

       A．An imagined companion gives the bird a sense of security．

       B．Birds prefer to sleep in pairs for the sake of their security．

       C．The phenomenon of birds napping in pairs is widespread．

D．A single pet bird enjoys seeing its own reflection in the mirror．

3．While sleeping, some water animals tend to keep half awake in order to ______．

A．alert themselves to the approaching enemy

       B．emerge from water now and then to breathe

       C．be sensitive to the ever-changing environment

       D．avoid being swept away by rapid currents

4．By saying “just the tip of the iceberg”, Siegel suggests that ______．

       A．half-brain sleep has something to do with icy weather

       B．the mystery of half-brain sleep is close to being solved

       C．most birds living in cold regions tend to be half sleepers

       D．half-brain sleep may exist among other species

American cities are similar to other cities around the world: American cities are changing, just as American society is changing．After World War Two, the population of most large American cities decreased; however, the population in many Sun Belt cities increase．Los Angeles and Houston are cities where population shifts （转移） to and from the city reflect the changing values of American society．In the late 1940s and early 1950s, city residents became wealthier．They moved out of their apartments in the city to buy their own homes．They bought houses in the suburbs （郊区）．

     Now things are changing．The children of the people who left the cities in the 1950s are now adults．Many, unlike their parents, want to live in the cities．They continue to move to Sun Belt cities and older ones of the Northeast and Midwest．Many young professionals are moving back into the city．They prefer the city to the suburbs because their jobs are there; or they just enjoy the excitement and possibilities that the city offers．

     This population shift is bringing problems as well as benefits．Countless poor people must leave their apartments in the city because the owners want to sell the buildings or make apartments for sale instead of for rent．In the 1950s, many poor people did not have enough money to move to the suburbs; now many of these same people do not have enough money to stay in the cities．

    Only a few years ago, people thought that the older American cities were dying．Some city residents now see a bright, new future．Others see only problems and conflicts．One thing is sure: many dying cities are alive again．

1．What does the author think of cities all over the world?

    A．They are alive．                                  B．They are hopeless．

C．They are similar．                       D．They are different．

2．Why did American city residents want to live in the suburbs after World War Two?

   A．Because older American cities were dying．

   B．Because they were richer and needed more space．

   C．Because cities contained the worst parts of society．

   D．Because they could hardly afford to live in the city．

3．According to the 4^th paragraph, a great many poor people in American cities             ．

   A．are faced with housing problems             B．are forced to move to the suburbs

   C．want to sell their buildings                D．need more money for daily expenses

4．We can conclude from the text that            ．

   A．American cities are changing for the worse

   B．people have different views on American cities

   C．many people are now moving from American cities

   D．the population is decreasing in older American cities

Individuals should pay for their higher education．A university education is of huge and direct benefit to the individual．

Graduates earn more than non-graduates．Meanwhile, social mobility is ever more dependent on having a degree．However, only some people have it．So the individual, not the taxpayers, should pay for it．There are pressing calls on the resources of the government．Using taxpayers’ money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them．

    Full government funding is not very good for universities．Adam Smith worked in a Scottish university whose teachers lived off student fees．He knew and looked down upon 18^th century Oxford, where the academics lived comfortably off the income received from the government．Guaranteed salaries, Smith argued, were the enemy of hard work; and when the academics were lazy and incompetent, the students were similarly lazy．

    If students have to pay for their education, they not only work harder, but also demand more from their teachers．And their teachers have to keep them satisfied．If that means taking teaching seriously, and giving less time to their own research interests, that is surely something to celebrate．

    Many people believe that higher education should be free because it is good for the economy．Many graduates clearly do contribute to national wealth, but so do all the businesses that invest and create jobs．If you believe that the government should pay for higher education because graduates are economically productive, you should also believe that the government should pay part of business costs．Anyone promising to create jobs should receive a gift of capital from the government to invest．

     Therefore, it is the individual, not the government, who should pay for their university education．

1．The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2 refers to             ．

     A．taxpayers                                       B．pressing calls          

       C．college graduates                                D．government resources

2．The author thinks that with full government funding             ．

     A．teachers are less satisfied

       B．students are more demanding

  C．students will become more competent   

  D．teachers will spend less time on teaching

3．The author mentions businesses in Paragraph 5 in order to             ．

     A．argue against free university education  

       B．call on them to finance students’ studies 

  C．encourage graduates to go into business

       D．show their contribution to higher education

阅读下面的短文并从方框中的 A-F 中为每段文字选出最佳标题。选项中有一项为多余项。

1．               

Voluntary learning in organized courses by mature men and women is called adult education．Such education is offered to make people able to enlarge and interpret their experience as adults．Adults may want to study something which they missed in earlier schooling, get new skills or job training, find out about new technological developments, seek better self—understanding, or develop new talents and skills．

2．              

This kind of education may be in the form of self-study with proper guidance through the use of libraries, correspondence courses, or broadcasting．It may also be acquired collectively in schools and colleges, study groups, workshops, clubs, and professional associations．

3．              

Modern adult education for large numbers of people started in the 18^th and 19^th centuries with the rise of the Industrial Revolution．Great economic and social changes were taking place: people were moving from rural areas to cities; new types of work were being created in an expanding factory system．These and other factors produced a need for further education and re-education of adults．

4．              

The earliest programs of organized adult education arose in Great Britain in the 1790s, with the founding of an adult school in Nottingham and a mechanics’ institute in Glasgow．The earliest adult education institution in the United States was founded by Benjamin Franklin and some friends in Philadelphia in 1727．

5．              

People recognize that continued learning is necessary for most forms of employment today．For example, parts of the adult population in many countries find it necessary to take part in retraining programs at work or even to learn completely new jobs．Adult education programs are springing up constantly to meet these and other needs．

下面短文中有10处语言错误。请在有错误的地方增加、删除或修改某个单词。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写上该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写上修改后的词。

注意：1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2．只允许修改l0处，多者（从第ll处起）不计分。

Christine was just a girl in one of my class．I never knew much about her except for that she was strange．She didn’t talk many, her hair was black and purple, and she worn black sports shoes and a black sweater, although in the summer．She was, in fact, rather attractively, and she never seemed care what the rest of us thought about her．Like the rest of my classmate, I didn’t really want to get closest to her．It was only when we did their chemistry project together that I begin to understand why Christine dressed the way she did ．

假如你是李华，你们学校最近开展了创建“平安校园”的活动。你们班为此组织主题班会，请你用英语写一篇发言稿，谈一谈你对如何创建“平安校园”的一些想法。短文应该包括下面的内容：

1．安全意识的重要性；

2．在运动中要注意安全；

3．在校内要注意人身安全；

4．同学间发生矛盾时，一定要保持冷静、理智；

5．逐步将“平安校园”活动转化为全体师生的实际行动。

注意：

1．不要逐句翻译，可适当增加细节使行文连贯；

2．词数100个左右；

3．文章开头已给出，不计入总词数。

注释：校园安全 safety at school

My dear classmates,

   There is no denying that safety plays an important part in our daily life．Recently our school has carried out a program aimed at making our campus a safe place to stay on．

Let's go to ______ cinema—that will take your mind off the problem for        while.

A．the; the       B．the; a          C．a; the          D．a; a

Water, which seems so simple and common, is ______ makes life possible.

A．which        B．what           C．that          D．how