So long as teachers fail to distinguish(区别, 辨认) between teaching and learning, they will continue to undertake to do for children that which only children can do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities about reading. Douglas insists that“ reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the impossible”.

 Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They differ in kind and function. The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also public activity. It can be seen and observed.

 Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public observation.

 If teacher and learner roles are not interchangeable ,what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the quest(探索)for knowledge? Smith has one principal rule for all teaching instructions. “Make learning to read easy, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children. ”

 When the roles of teacher and learner are seen for what they are, and when both teacher and learner fulfill them properly, then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is eliminated(除去, 剔除). Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of leaning to read by reading.

The problem with the reading course as mentioned in the first paragraph is that _______.

A. it is one of the most difficult school courses    B. students spend endless hours in reading

C. reading tasks are assigned with little guidance  D. too much time is spent in teaching about reading

The teaching of reading will be successful if _______________.

  A. teachers can improve conditions at school for the students

  B. teachers can enable students to develop their own way of reading

  C. teachers can devise the most efficient system for reading

  D. teachers can make their teaching activities observable

According to the passage, learning to read will no longer be a difficult task when ______________.

A. children become highly motivated                  

B. teacher and learner roles are interchangeable

C. teaching helps children in the search for knowledge 

D. reading enriches children’s experience

The main idea of the passage is that ______________.

  A. teachers should do as little as possible in helping students learn to read

  B. teachers should encourage students to read as widely as possible

  C. reading ability is something acquired rather than taught

D. reading is more complicated that generally believed

Moral science is taught as a subject in most schools but with little effect. Perhaps part of the problem lies in the fact that morality is not a science, strictly speaking. It is too much of a social phenomenon, and also has too much of the personal and subjective things mixed within. Besides, morality itself changes with generations, so it is impossible to be printed in a normal textbook.

I remember sitting through forty minutes of moral lessons, which told stories about little children who never told lies and were rewarded for their goodness. It had little effect and left no impression on me, though.

If moral science has to be taught as a subject in schools, it needs a participatory approach. When you tell a child about moral, you also have to deal with social norms( 社会规范) and cultural differences. You have to explain that morality can be subjective, and be able to co-exist in society. You will probably have to refer to the morals at the present time.

The best way to tell a child how to live is to show him what is valued. If a child likes his friend, you have to make the child think about why. Once the child notices and recognizes goodness in others, he or she is likely to develop it as well.

In fact, children learn most of their morals by watching people around them. They absorb behaviour patterns from teachers and older students. They watch to see what is rewarded and who is punished. They learn on the sports field and through social work. Moral science lessons should simply consist of letting them live and interact, and watch you support correct values and reward good behaviour.

Which is NOT the reason that moral science is taught in schools with little effect?

A. Morality doesn’t belong to a science

B. Morality is more like a social phenomenon.

C. Different generations have different moral ideas.

D. Morality can’t be written down in textbooks.

The author describes his own experience of learning moral lessons in order to                .

A. explain that telling lies is not moral for little children

B. advise that people should be rewarded for their goodness

C. prove that moral lessons in schools have little effect

D. show that he has no impression of moral science

When you tell a child about morals, you should               .

A. teach him to share personal moral ideas with others

B. tell him about social norms and cultural differences

C. explain that nobody can influence his moral ideas

D.say that the morals at the present time will be changed

What is the last paragraph mainly about?

A. The best way of teaching children about morals.

B. The value of teachers setting a good example.

C. The influence of people’s behavior on morals.

D. The importance of rewarding good behavior.

As kids, my friends and I spent a lot of time out in the woods.“The woods” was our part-time address, destination, purpose, and excuse.If I went to a friends house and found him not at home, his mother might say, “Oh, he’s out in the woods, ” with a tone(语气) of airy acceptance.It is similar to the tone people sometimes use nowadays to tell me that someone I’m looking for is on the golf course or at the gym, or even “away from his desk.” For us ten-year-olds, “being out in the woods” was just an excuse to do whatever we feel like for a while.

We sometimes told ourselves that what we were doing in the woods was exploring(探索).Exploring was a more popular idea back then than it is today.History seemed to be mostly about explorers.Our explorations, though, seemed to have less system than the historic kind: something usually came up along the way.Say we stayed in the woods, throwing rocks, shooting frogs, picking blackberries, digging in what we were briefly persuaded was an Indian burial mound.

Often we got “lost” and had to climb a tree to find out where we were.If you read a story in which someone does that successfully, be skeptical: the topmost branches are usually too skinny to hold weight, and we could never climb high enough to see anything except other trees.There were four or five trees that we visited regularly—tall beeches, easy to climb and comfortable to sit in.

It was in a tree, too, that our days of fooling around in the woods came to an end.By then some of us had reached seventh grade and had begun the rough ride of adolescence(青春期).In March, the month when we usually took to the woods again after winter, two friends and I set out to go exploring.We climbed a tree, and all of a sudden it occurred to all three of us at the same time that we really were rather big to be up in a tree.Soon there would be the spring dances on Friday evenings in the high school cafeteria.

The author and his friends were often out in the woods to _______.

     A.spend their free time               B.play golf and other sports

     C.avoid doing their schoolwork  D.keep away from their parents

What can we infer from Paragraph 2 ?

     A.The activities in the woods were well planned.

     B.Human history is not the result of exploration.

     C.Exploration should be a systematic activity.

     D.The author explored in the woods aimlessly.

The underlined word “skeptical” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.

     A.calm       B.doubtful   C.serious      D.optimistic

How does the author feel about his childhood?

     A.Happy but short.            B.Lonely but memorable.

     C.Boring and meaningless.      D.Long and unforgettable.

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