8．How can you tell if someone's lying？The answer is，they're probably not．
Traditional economics says that people are（1）D human beings who will lie if it's to their advantage．A recent university study has shown that，actually，we're pretty（2）A--especially when we're at home．
Researchers in Germany（3）C people at home and asked them to toss（投掷） a coin．There was a strong （4）B incentive（刺激） to lie about the result：if the coin landed tails-up，the participants would receive money，while if the coin landed heads-up，they would get nothing．Because they were on the phone，they knew there was no （5）D of getting caught ifthey lied．
And yet people told the （6）B．Over hundreds of tosses，a coin will land tails-up about 50% of the time．In this （7）D 0ver halfthe people asked （55.6%） said that the coin landed heads-up，which meant they would receive nothing．
Previous studies had found that people were more （8）D．In those laboratory studies，75% of people reported a（9）Ccoin and asked for a reward．So the research team thinks it's being in our own homes that makes us play fair，although it's not yet clear why．
In fact both types of study show people are surprisingly（10）A．Even in the laboratory，25% of people （11）B a reward by telling the truth．The researchers say this is because honesty is （12）Avalued in human society．We care about our（13）D and our sense of ourselves as decent（体面的） people．So lying has a psychological（14）C and it seems this cost is more important than the financialbenefits of（15）B．
Traditional economics says that people are（1）D human beings who will lie if it's to their advantage．A recent university study has shown that，actually，we're pretty（2）A--especially when we're at home．
Researchers in Germany（3）C people at home and asked them to toss（投掷） a coin．There was a strong （4）B incentive（刺激） to lie about the result：if the coin landed tails-up，the participants would receive money，while if the coin landed heads-up，they would get nothing．Because they were on the phone，they knew there was no （5）D of getting caught ifthey lied．
And yet people told the （6）B．Over hundreds of tosses，a coin will land tails-up about 50% of the time．In this （7）D 0ver halfthe people asked （55.6%） said that the coin landed heads-up，which meant they would receive nothing．
Previous studies had found that people were more （8）D．In those laboratory studies，75% of people reported a（9）Ccoin and asked for a reward．So the research team thinks it's being in our own homes that makes us play fair，although it's not yet clear why．
In fact both types of study show people are surprisingly（10）A．Even in the laboratory，25% of people （11）B a reward by telling the truth．The researchers say this is because honesty is （12）Avalued in human society．We care about our（13）D and our sense of ourselves as decent（体面的） people．So lying has a psychological（14）C and it seems this cost is more important than the financialbenefits of（15）B．
| l． A．poor | B．kind | C．generous | D．reasonable |
| 2． A．honest | B．strict | C．calm | D．afraid |
| 3． A．visited | B．saw | C．phoned | D．caught |
| 4． A．mental | B．financial | C．technical | D．educational |
| 5． A．idea | B．need | C．evidence | D．risk |
| 6． A．difference | B．truth | C．story | D．secret |
| 7． A．case | B．interview | C．speech | D．study |
| 8． A．faithful | B．grateful | C．disappointed | D．dishonest |
| 9． A．missing | B．losing | C．winning | D．shining |
| 10．A．reliable | B．greedy | C．brave | D．wealthy |
| ll．A．received | B．refused | C．won | D．required |
| 12．A．highly | B．normally | C．formally | D．poorly |
| 13．A．money | B．family | C．jobs | D．reputation |
| 14．A．reason | B．effect | C．cost | D．function |
| 15．A．studying | B．lying | C．phoning | D．reporting |
7．The purpose of a letter of application（求职信） is to help you to"sell"yourself．It should state （36）D the job you want，and should tell what your abilities are and what you have（37）A．It should be simple，human，personal and brief without （38）Bout any necessary facts．
In writing a letter of application，keep in（39）Cthat the things a possible employer is most （40）Dto want to know about are your qualifications（条件），your achievements and your aims．The opening paragraph is perhaps the most important part．（41）Cthe first few sentences fail to （42）A the reader's attention，the rest of the letter may not be （43）B at all．Try to key your opening remarks to the needs or interests of the employer not（44）D your own need or desires．For example，instead of beginning with"I saw your（45）C in today's newspaper，"you might say"I have made a careful（46）Bof your advertising during the past six months"or"I have made a survey in my neighborhood to find out how many housewives （47）A your product and why they like it．"
Try to （48）D generalities（概述）．Be clear about the kind of job for which you are now（49）A．College graduates looking for their first positions often ask"What can I （50）Cin a letter？Employers want experience-which，naturally，no（51）Dhas．"The answer is that everything you have ever done is（52）B．
It is important to write a good strong closing for your letter．（53）Ca specific request for an interview or give the possible employer something definite to do or expect．An excellent（54）Bis to enclose（内附） a stamped，self-addressed envelope with your letter．That makes it（55）Afor a possible employer to get in touch with you．
In writing a letter of application，keep in（39）Cthat the things a possible employer is most （40）Dto want to know about are your qualifications（条件），your achievements and your aims．The opening paragraph is perhaps the most important part．（41）Cthe first few sentences fail to （42）A the reader's attention，the rest of the letter may not be （43）B at all．Try to key your opening remarks to the needs or interests of the employer not（44）D your own need or desires．For example，instead of beginning with"I saw your（45）C in today's newspaper，"you might say"I have made a careful（46）Bof your advertising during the past six months"or"I have made a survey in my neighborhood to find out how many housewives （47）A your product and why they like it．"
Try to （48）D generalities（概述）．Be clear about the kind of job for which you are now（49）A．College graduates looking for their first positions often ask"What can I （50）Cin a letter？Employers want experience-which，naturally，no（51）Dhas．"The answer is that everything you have ever done is（52）B．
It is important to write a good strong closing for your letter．（53）Ca specific request for an interview or give the possible employer something definite to do or expect．An excellent（54）Bis to enclose（内附） a stamped，self-addressed envelope with your letter．That makes it（55）Afor a possible employer to get in touch with you．
| 36．A．easily | B．carefully | C．obviously | D．clearly |
| 37．A．done | B．found | C．known | D．heard |
| 38．A．sending | B．leaving | C．taking | D．picking |
| 39．A．brain | B．sight | C．mind | D．order |
| 40．A．probable | B．possible | C．able | D．likely |
| 41．A．While | B．Although | C．If | D．As |
| 42．A．win | B．pay | C．show | D．fix |
| 43．A．kept | B．read | C．written | D．continued |
| 44．A．from | B．for | C．into | D．to |
| 45．A．article | B．report | C．advertisement | D．introduction |
| 46．A．watch | B．study | C．search | D．discussion |
| 47．A．use | B．make | C．sell | D．change |
| 48．A．gain | B．remember | C．protect | D．avoid |
| 49．A．applying | B．losing | C．preparing | D．fitting |
| 50．A．offer | B．supply | C．provide | D．mean |
| 51．A．worker | B．manager | C．owner | D．beginner |
| 52．A．success | B．experience | C．practice | D．development |
| 53．A．State | B．Ask | C．Make | D．Get |
| 54．A．result | B．idea | C．promise | D．decision |
| 55．A．easier | B．happier | C．cheaper | D．safer |
6．
Dogs Used to Be More Like Cats
Researchers studying fossils （化石） of the early ancestors of dogs that lived up to 40million years ago believe the predators （捕食性动物） evolved as a direct consequence of climate change．The study claims the （41）C transformed man's best friend from a creature that behaved more like a cat，into the canine （犬） we know and love today．
Ancestors of dogs living in North America 40million years ago were ambush （伏击式） predators-in a（n） （42）I way to cats'．But a million years later，the thick forest that once covered the continent began to give way to grasslands．This led to a（n） （43）G in the body shape and hunting behavior of dogs，turning them into animals that no longer （44）K their prey （猎物），but chased it down instead．
This evolutionary transition was （45）F by the scientists who examined the elbows and teeth of 32species of dogs that lived between 40million and two million years ago．
"The elbow is a really good （46）A of what carnivores （食肉动物） are doing with their forelimbs （前肢），which tells their entire （47）D abilities，"said Brown University's Christine Janis，who led the study．
The research was based on an analysis of fossil specimens （标本） in the American Museum of Natural History in New York．It suggests dog evolution was directly related to climate change．After all，it was not （48）J to operate as a pursuit-and-pounce predator until there was room to run．
If predators evolved with climate change over the last 40million years，the authors argue they may continue to （49）E in response to the present global warming trend．In this way，the results of the study could help （50）B how animals may look in the future．
| A．indicator | B．predict | C．process | D．movement | E．adapt | F．tracked |
| G．formation | H．deliberate | I．similar | J．advantageous | K．surprised |
Researchers studying fossils （化石） of the early ancestors of dogs that lived up to 40million years ago believe the predators （捕食性动物） evolved as a direct consequence of climate change．The study claims the （41）C transformed man's best friend from a creature that behaved more like a cat，into the canine （犬） we know and love today．
Ancestors of dogs living in North America 40million years ago were ambush （伏击式） predators-in a（n） （42）I way to cats'．But a million years later，the thick forest that once covered the continent began to give way to grasslands．This led to a（n） （43）G in the body shape and hunting behavior of dogs，turning them into animals that no longer （44）K their prey （猎物），but chased it down instead．
This evolutionary transition was （45）F by the scientists who examined the elbows and teeth of 32species of dogs that lived between 40million and two million years ago．
"The elbow is a really good （46）A of what carnivores （食肉动物） are doing with their forelimbs （前肢），which tells their entire （47）D abilities，"said Brown University's Christine Janis，who led the study．
The research was based on an analysis of fossil specimens （标本） in the American Museum of Natural History in New York．It suggests dog evolution was directly related to climate change．After all，it was not （48）J to operate as a pursuit-and-pounce predator until there was room to run．
If predators evolved with climate change over the last 40million years，the authors argue they may continue to （49）E in response to the present global warming trend．In this way，the results of the study could help （50）B how animals may look in the future．
5．It is hard to decide which food to buy in an American grocery store these days．The information on many products makes（41）C claims．The label"organic（ 有机的）"（42）Bthat the United States Department of Agriculture recognizes the product is grown under special conditions．If the food is grown（43）D，it shows the words"USDA organic"on it．This is an official label．
The food is grown without chemical treatment against insects or（44）A．It is grown without chemical fertilizers．Before a product is labeled"organic，"a（n）（45）C visits the farm where the food is produced to make sure the farm（46）D SDA standards．Organic meat，eggs and dairy products come from（47）Cthat are given no antibiotics （抗生素），must be fed organic food and have（48）B to the outdoors．
No conclusive（49）D shows that organic food is more nutritious than traditionally grown food．And the USDA-even if it proves organic food-doesn't（50）A declare that these products are safer or more nutritious．Organic foods meet the same（51）C and safety standards as traditional foods．The difference（52）A how the food is produced，processed and handled．Some people buy organic food for（53）D reasons．Organic food is produced by（54）B who emphasize the use of renewable resources．The prices between most organic food and（55）C good products vary．Higher prices are due to more expensive farm （56）A．A lot of work must be done every day．
The new USDA's national organic programme for labeling is （57）C to enabling consumers to make a（n）（58）D choice among the foods they buy and have the （59）B of the safeguard of being cheated．People who sell or label a product"organic"when they know it does not meet USDA standards can be（60）C up to＄11，000．
The food is grown without chemical treatment against insects or（44）A．It is grown without chemical fertilizers．Before a product is labeled"organic，"a（n）（45）C visits the farm where the food is produced to make sure the farm（46）D SDA standards．Organic meat，eggs and dairy products come from（47）Cthat are given no antibiotics （抗生素），must be fed organic food and have（48）B to the outdoors．
No conclusive（49）D shows that organic food is more nutritious than traditionally grown food．And the USDA-even if it proves organic food-doesn't（50）A declare that these products are safer or more nutritious．Organic foods meet the same（51）C and safety standards as traditional foods．The difference（52）A how the food is produced，processed and handled．Some people buy organic food for（53）D reasons．Organic food is produced by（54）B who emphasize the use of renewable resources．The prices between most organic food and（55）C good products vary．Higher prices are due to more expensive farm （56）A．A lot of work must be done every day．
The new USDA's national organic programme for labeling is （57）C to enabling consumers to make a（n）（58）D choice among the foods they buy and have the （59）B of the safeguard of being cheated．People who sell or label a product"organic"when they know it does not meet USDA standards can be（60）C up to＄11，000．
| 41．A．unbelievable | B．false | C．different | D．flexible |
| 42．A．predicts | B．proves | C．proposes | D．doubts |
| 43．A．on the contrary | B．in any case | C．in turn | D．in this way |
| 44．A．diseases | B．operations | C．activities | D．services |
| 45．A．protector | B．reminder | C．inspector | D．volunteer |
| 46．A．presents | B．opposes | C．protects | D．meets |
| 47．A．plants | B．villages | C．animals | D．farms |
| 48．A．solution | B．access | C．entrance | D．direction |
| 49．A．agreement | B．concept | C．expectation | D．evidence |
| 50．A．publicly | B．soon | C．secretly | D．anxiously |
| 51．A．shape | B．fashion | C．quality | D．size |
| 52．A．lies in | B．consists of | C．knows bout | D．puzzles out |
| 53．A．financial | B．social | C．cultural | D．environmental |
| 54．A．sellers | B．farmers | C．drivers | D．buyers |
| 55．A．fresh | B． delicious | C．traditional | D．new |
| 56．A．practices | B．tools | C．chemicals | D．machines |
| 57．A．surprised | B．laughed | C．aimed | D．delighted |
| 58．A．active | B．potential | C．wrong | D．sensible． |
| 59．A．dream | B．right | C．opinion | D．adventure |
| 60．A．awarded | B．given | C．fined | D．spared． |
3．
A long red bridge stretches out across water．It runs across the Golden Gate．This is not the （41）G to some sacred land，but it is just as （42）A．The Golden Gate is where San Francisco Bay （43）C the Pacific Ocean，and at night the scene of the bridge （44）K up over the water takes your breath away．
Welcome to San Francisco，a place famous for its beautiful parks，hilly streets and lovely beaches．But the bridge is undoubtedly the most well-known symbol of the city．Before its completion in 1937，the bridge was considered impossible to build because of the foggy weather，powerful winds，and （45）E ocean currents in the city．However，despite the difficult conditions，the bridge was built in no more than four years．Its total length is nearly 2 kilometers．
San Francisco （46）J first on Lonely Planet's list of the best cities to visit in 2013．According to the world's largest travel publisher，it came top as a result of its （47）B mix．
According to the US 2010 census（人口普查），21percent of the city's population was made up of Chinese people．San Francisco's Chinatown is the largest outside of Asia and the oldest in North America．Two traditional festivals，the Spring Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival，are the biggest events of the year on the city's （48）I．
If yellow cabs are a key part of New York city life，then the cable car is San Francisco's equivalent．The first cable car came into public service in 1873，and the slow and noisy vehicle has been a symbol of the city ever since．The cable car network was once（49）F by a serious earthquake but，luckily，it has now recovered and provides better（50）H than the subway．
| A．magical B．cultural C．meets D．built E．strong F．damaged G．entrance H．views I．calendar J．ranked K．lit |
Welcome to San Francisco，a place famous for its beautiful parks，hilly streets and lovely beaches．But the bridge is undoubtedly the most well-known symbol of the city．Before its completion in 1937，the bridge was considered impossible to build because of the foggy weather，powerful winds，and （45）E ocean currents in the city．However，despite the difficult conditions，the bridge was built in no more than four years．Its total length is nearly 2 kilometers．
San Francisco （46）J first on Lonely Planet's list of the best cities to visit in 2013．According to the world's largest travel publisher，it came top as a result of its （47）B mix．
According to the US 2010 census（人口普查），21percent of the city's population was made up of Chinese people．San Francisco's Chinatown is the largest outside of Asia and the oldest in North America．Two traditional festivals，the Spring Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival，are the biggest events of the year on the city's （48）I．
If yellow cabs are a key part of New York city life，then the cable car is San Francisco's equivalent．The first cable car came into public service in 1873，and the slow and noisy vehicle has been a symbol of the city ever since．The cable car network was once（49）F by a serious earthquake but，luckily，it has now recovered and provides better（50）H than the subway．
2．When you say that someone has a good memory，what exactly do you mean？Are you saying that the person has fast recall or that he or she（51）D information quickly？Or maybe you just mean that the person remembers a lot about her or his childhood．The truth is that it is （52）C to say exactly what memory is．Even scientists who have been studying memory for decades say they are still trying to（53）A exactly what it is．We do know that a particular memory is not just one thing stored somewhere in the brain．（54）B，a memory is made up of bits and pieces of information stored all over the brain．Perhapsthe best way to（55）C memory is to say that it is a process-a process of recording，storing，and getting back information．Practice and repetition can help to（56）D the pieces that make up our memory of that information．
Memory can be （57）B affected by a number of things．（58）A nutrition can affect a person's ability to store information．Excessive alcohol use can also weaken memory and cause permanent （59）Dto the brain over the long term．A vision or hearing problem may affect a person's ability to notice certain things，thus making it（60）Cto register information in the brain．
When people talk about memory，they often（61）A short-term memory and long-term memory．If you want to call a store or an office that you don't call often，you look in the telephone book for the number．You dial the number，and then you forget it!You use your short-term memory to remember the number．Your short-term memory lasts about 30seconds，or half a minute（62）B，you don't need to look in the telephone book for your best friend's number，because you already know it．This number is in your long-term memory，which（63）D information about things you have learned and experienced through the years．
Why do you forget things sometimes？The major reason for forgetting something is that you did not learn it well enough（64）C．For example，if you meet some new people and right away forget their names，it is because you did not（65）B the names at the first few seconds when you heard them．
0 137931 137939 137945 137949 137955 137957 137961 137967 137969 137975 137981 137985 137987 137991 137997 137999 138005 138009 138011 138015 138017 138021 138023 138025 138026 138027 138029 138030 138031 138033 138035 138039 138041 138045 138047 138051 138057 138059 138065 138069 138071 138075 138081 138087 138089 138095 138099 138101 138107 138111 138117 138125 151629
Memory can be （57）B affected by a number of things．（58）A nutrition can affect a person's ability to store information．Excessive alcohol use can also weaken memory and cause permanent （59）Dto the brain over the long term．A vision or hearing problem may affect a person's ability to notice certain things，thus making it（60）Cto register information in the brain．
When people talk about memory，they often（61）A short-term memory and long-term memory．If you want to call a store or an office that you don't call often，you look in the telephone book for the number．You dial the number，and then you forget it!You use your short-term memory to remember the number．Your short-term memory lasts about 30seconds，or half a minute（62）B，you don't need to look in the telephone book for your best friend's number，because you already know it．This number is in your long-term memory，which（63）D information about things you have learned and experienced through the years．
Why do you forget things sometimes？The major reason for forgetting something is that you did not learn it well enough（64）C．For example，if you meet some new people and right away forget their names，it is because you did not（65）B the names at the first few seconds when you heard them．
| 51．A．collects | B．processes | C．publishes | D．absorbs |
| 52．A．necessary | B．important | C．difficult | D．convenient |
| 53．A．figure out | B．take out | C．put out | D．give out |
| 54．A．After all | B．Instead | C．By contrast | D．Besides |
| 55．A．recall | B．refresh | C．describe | D．decrease |
| 56．A．lose | B．organize | C．identify | D．strengthen |
| 57．A．positively | B．negatively | C．actively | D．directly |
| 58．A．Poor | B．Adequate | C．Special | D．Various |
| 59．A．benefit | B．offence | C．effect | D．damage |
| 60．A．easier | B．more impressive | C．harder | D．more convenient |
| 61．A．refer to | B．apply for | C．come across | D．break down |
| 62．A．Furthermore | B．However | C．Consequently | D．Otherwise |
| 63．A．leaks | B．transmits | C．checks | D．stores |
| 64．A．in the middle | B．at the end | C．in the beginning | D．ahead of time |
| 65．A．restore | B．record | C．replace | D．respond． |