题目内容

6.
A.indicatorB.predictC.processD.movementE.adaptF.tracked
G.formationH.deliberateI.similarJ.advantageousK.surprised
Dogs Used to Be More Like Cats
Researchers studying fossils (化石) of the early ancestors of dogs that lived up to 40million years ago believe the predators (捕食性动物) evolved as a direct consequence of climate change.The study claims the (41)C transformed man's best friend from a creature that behaved more like a cat,into the canine (犬) we know and love today.
Ancestors of dogs living in North America 40million years ago were ambush (伏击式) predators-in a(n) (42)I way to cats'.But a million years later,the thick forest that once covered the continent began to give way to grasslands.This led to a(n) (43)G in the body shape and hunting behavior of dogs,turning them into animals that no longer (44)K their prey (猎物),but chased it down instead.
This evolutionary transition was (45)F by the scientists who examined the elbows and teeth of 32species of dogs that lived between 40million and two million years ago.
"The elbow is a really good (46)A of what carnivores (食肉动物) are doing with their forelimbs (前肢),which tells their entire (47)D abilities,"said Brown University's Christine Janis,who led the study.
The research was based on an analysis of fossil specimens (标本) in the American Museum of Natural History in New York.It suggests dog evolution was directly related to climate change.After all,it was not (48)J to operate as a pursuit-and-pounce predator until there was room to run.
If predators evolved with climate change over the last 40million years,the authors argue they may continue to (49)E in response to the present global warming trend.In this way,the results of the study could help (50)B how animals may look in the future.

分析 本文属于科普性文章,向读者介绍了狗因气候而变化的观点

解答 41  C 考查名词词义,process过程,进程,这项研究声称这个过程把人类最好的朋友一个行为表现像猫的动物,变成了我们今天知道和喜爱的犬.
42.I 考查形容词词义,根据文意that behaved more like a cat,说明之前的狗和猫比较相像,在这里选择与之对应的similar.
43.G 考查名词词义,此空出现在冠词后,而后面又缺少名词,说明空格处需要填入一个名词.未被使用的名词只有formation 和movement.能与身形和捕猎行为搭配,且意思通顺的名词,应为formation形成.
44.K考查形容词词义,本题考查考生对前半部分文章的理解,不能单看一句.破题点是前文中ambush  predators一词.狗以前是猫一样的伏击式捕猎者,变化是如今不再伏击,进一步可以理解为不再袭击动物.surprise的意思除了考生熟悉的"是吃惊"外,还有"袭击"的意思.有的考生会误选tracked.注意:track追踪,看似可以,但是track和chase并不能构成对立的意思.更何况按照常识,狗追踪猎物也属正常.
45.F 考查动词词义,这里要求使用被动语态,有可能的答案只剩下surprised 和tracked.注意surprise的用法只能是sth.surprise sb./sb.be surprised by sth.这道题选对也可以倒推出44题答案.
46.A 考查动词  本空缺少名词作表语,且要描述的对象是elbow,再联系后面的动词tell,可以确定选择indicator(指示物)
47.D 考查名词词义 从语法角度看,此处缺乏形容词修饰名词,但考生不应忽略,名词也可以修饰名词.movement abilities意为"运动能力".
48.J 考查形容词词义  考生应熟悉句型it is (not) adj.to do sth.从而判断本题应选用形容词,备选词有deliberate和advantageous.原文中After all毕竟,和until 直到,给到考生暗示.原文意思是:毕竟,直到有了奔跑的空间,追捕型捕食者才有了优势.
49.E 考查动词     此空需要填写一个能与to搭配的动词原形.备选选项有adapt和predict.语义只有adapt复合语境.从一开始文章就介绍了狗的进化和气候变化有关,而在结尾的地方再次提及"如果在过去的4000万年前,食肉动物是随着气候的变化而进化的,那么…"照常理推论,后面的语义应为继续适应新的变化.
50.B 考查动词 从语法上讲,只剩下predict.从语义上讲,In this way说明前后句义衔接,现在的研究能够预测未来动物的样子.选择predict 语义通顺

点评 考生在做十一选十时,可以先判断所给单词的词性、词义,再与空格所需的词性和词义匹配.本文有一定的难度,给出的单词不少都是多种词性,要求考生在理解全文的基础上,对考纲词汇的各种词性全面掌握.

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1.Directions:Complete the following passage by using the words in the box.Each word can only be used once.Note that there is one word more than you need.

A.adequately
B.advances
C.neighbour
D.colonize
E.concerns
F.create
G.intensively
H.settlers
I.smart
J.journey
K.survive

"Once we spread out into space and establish independent colonies,our future should be safe,"Stephen Hawking says.Stephen Hawking,one of the world's most important scientists,believes that to(41)K,humans must move into space.
Today,the United States,India,China,and Japan are all planning to send astronauts back to Earth's closest(42)C:the moon.Each country wants to create space stations there between 2020and 2030.These stations will(43)Aprepare humans to visit and later live on Mars or other Earth-like planets.
Robert Zubrin,a rocket scientist,thinks humans should(44)D space.He wants to start with Mars.Why?There are several advantages:for one,sending people to the moon and Mars will allow us to learn a lot-for example,whether living on other planets is possible.Then,we can eventually(45)Fnew human societies on other planets.In addition,the(46)B we make for space travel in the fields of science,technology,medicine,and health can also benefit us here on Earth.
But not everyone thinks sending humans into space is a(n)(47)I idea.Many say it's too expensive to send people,even on a short(48)J.And most space trips are not short.A one-way trip to Mars,for example,would take about six months.People travelling this kind of distance face a number of health problems.Also,for many early space(49)H,life would be extremely difficult.On the moon's surface,for example,the air and the sun's rays are very dangerous.People would have to stay indoors most of the time.
Despite these(50)E,sending people into space seems certain.In the future,we might see lunar(月球上的) cities and maybe even new human cultures on other planets.
11.A new study suggests that early exposure to germs(细菌) strengthens the immune(免疫的)system.That means letting children get a little dirty might be good for their health later in life.
The study involved laboratory mice.It found that adult mice raised in a germ-free environment were more likely to develop allergies.asthma and other autoimmune disorders. There are more than eighty disorders where cells that normally defend the body instead attack tissues and organs.
Richard Blumberg,who led the study,is a professor at'Harvard Medical School in Boston,Massachusetts.He says,in 1989,medical researchers who sought to explain these diseases,first discovered that the increasing use of antibacterial soaps and other products,especially early in life,could weaken immune systems.
Now,Dr.Blumberg and his team have what is the first biological evidence to link early exposure to germs to stronger adult immune systems.They say this exposure could prevent the development of some autoimmune diseases.
In the adult germ-free mice,they found that inflammation(发炎)in the lungs and colon was caused by so-called killer T cells.These normally fight infection.But they became overactive and targeted healthy tissue-an autoimmune condition seen in asthma and a disease called ulcerative colitis.
Dr,Blumberg says the mice raised in a normal environment did not have the same reaction.He says their immune systems had been"educated"by early exposure to germs.
Rates of autoimmune disorders are rising worldwide,but mostly in wealthier,industrialized countries.According to Dr.Blumberg,it might be high time that people were warned to be more careful with the early use of antibiotics(抗生素) and the prescription from their doctors.
Rob Dunn is a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at North Carolina State University in Raleigh.He says the new study does not mean people should stop washing."Wash your hands,but don't do it with antibacterial soap.Let your kids play in a reasonable amount of dirt and get outside and get exposed to a diversity of things",says Rob Dunn.
71.Who first found immune systems might get harmed by overly using antibacterial products?C
A.A professor of ecology and evolutionary biology.
B.A professor at Harvard Medical School in Boston.
C.Medical researchers who tried to explain autoimmune disorders.
D.Medical researchers who tried to treat autoimmune disorders.
72.To keep healthy in the future,children had betterA.
A.play in a dirty environment once in a while
B.live in a germ-free endronrnent
C.use plenty of antibacterial soaps
D.stay in under developed countries
73.Why are germ-free mice easy to develop lung inflanunation?B
A.Because their T celh fight bacteria effectively.
B.Because their T cells attack the healthy tissues.
C.Because their lungs become abnormally active.
D.Because their lungs have weaker tissues.
74.It can be inferred from the text thatD.
A.washing hands is no longer a good habit for children
B.antibiotics will be forbidden in children's hospitals
C.exposure to dirt helps build children's character
D.the abuse of antibiotics may be condemned
75.Where does this text most probably come from?C
A.A teacher's handbook.     B.A story book.
C.A science magazine.       D.A travel journal.
18.There was one thought that air pollution affected only the area immediately around large cities with factories and heavy traffic.At present.we realize that although these are the areas with the worst air.pollution.the problem is really worldwide.On several occasions over the past decade,a heavy cloud of air pollution has covered the east of the United States and brought health warnings in distant areas away from any industrial cities.In fact,the very climate of the entire earth may be infected by air pollution.Some scientists consider that the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the air resulting from the burning of fossil fuels(coal and oil)is creating a"greenhouse effect"一keeping heat reflected from the earth and raising the world's average temperature.If this view is correct and the world's temperature is raised only a few degrees.much of the polar ice cap will melt and.cities such as New York,Boston,Miami,and New Orleans will be in water.
Another view.1ess widely held.is that increasing particular matter in the atmosphere is blocking sunlight and lowering the earth's temperature-a result that would be equally disastrous.A drop of just a few degrees could create something close to a new ice age,and would make agriculture difficult or impossible in many of our top farming areas.Today we do not know for sure that either of these conditions will happen.Perhaps,if we are lucky enough,the two tendencies will offset each other and the world's temperature will stay about the same as it is now.Driven by economic profits.people ignore the damage on our environment caused by the"advanced civilization".Maybe the air pollution is the price the human beings have to pay for their development.But is it really worth-while?

66.People used to think that air pollutionD.
A.caused widespread damage in the countryside
B.affected the entire eastern half of the United States
C.had a very bad effect on health
D.existed merely in urban and industrial areas
67.As to the greenhouse effect.the authorB.
A.shares the same view,with the scientists.
B.is uncertain of its occurrence
C.rejects it as being ungrounded
D.thinks that it will destroy the world soon
68.The underlined word"offset"in the second paragraph could be replaced byA.
A.counter-act    B.break from     C.get along    D.communicate
69.If the world's temperature lowered just a few degreesB.
A.it would not do much harm to life on earth
B.it would lead major farming areas to disaster
C.particular things would increase greatly in the atmosphere
D.seas and oceans would flood many cities
70.This passage is primarily aboutC.
A.the greenhouse effect                
B.the burning of fossil fuels
C.the potential effect of air pollution       
D.the possibility of a new ice age.

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