Last month my family, my husband and I visited the zoo in Tulsa, Oklahoma. I was afraid I just couldn’t hide my excitement as it had been five years since I had been to the zoo. I was especially excited about getting to see the penguin exhibit that was completed since my last visit. I thought it would be just as magical as it was the last time.

Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior.

One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards. Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study.

They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner’s Dilemma. The game is based on the tension (紧张气氛) between the interests (利益) of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players, at a cost to the punisher.

Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least. And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings were. The group with the most punishment earned twenty-five percent less than the group with the least punishment. The study appeared last month in the journal Science.

The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children aged two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children aged five to nine.

The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not. The study says the IQs--or intelligence quotients--of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points.

Murray Strauss from the University of New Hampshire worked with Mallie Paschall from the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation. Professor Strauss has written extensively about physical punishment of children. He says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development. He also looked at average IQs in other nations and found them lower where spanking was more common.

1.Which could be the best title of the passage?

A. Punishment

B. The Best Way to Influence Behavior.

C. Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior?

D. Two Recent Studies.

2.The underlined word “spanked” probably means______.

A. won B. punished C. tested D. praised

3.According to the passage, the researchers may agree the best way to influence behavior is______.

A. rewarding good behavior

B. correcting bad behavior

C. punishing badly-behaved children

D. praising well-behaved children

4.The author develops the passage______.

A. in order of time

B. in order of importance

C. by describing his experiences

D. by using quotations and statistics

For Canadians, backpacking Europe is a special ceremony signifying a new life stage. Unlike package tours, backpacking is a struggle, full of discovery and chance connections. It is about focusing on something different from our own lives and losing ourselves in a new world, if only for a moment.

Well, that's what backpacking Europe is supposed to do. That’s what it used to do before modern communications, social media, and commercial hostelling (旅社). Older Canadians would not recognize the Europe that they backpacked in the 1960s, 1970s and even the 1980s. Far from a rough adventure into foreign cultures, the European experience has been shattered in part by today's technology.

A few years ago, I took my then 60-year-old father on a backpacking trip across part of Europe and Turkey. As he is an experienced traveler and someone who possesses a strong sense of adventure, I decided that we'd travel on a budget, staying in hostel dorms. For him, backpacking through Europe in 1969 was about independence and struggle. But two things surprised him at the end of our journey. First was how technology-based backpacking had become: Young people were so directly connected to home that they were hardly away in any meaningful sense. Second, the lack of connections we made with locals. Instead of making us feel closer to a place, he found commercial hostelling actually made us more alienated (疏远的).

But there was some room for hope. While technology takes our attention away from the beauty and history before us, there were also ways in which it helped us to connect with our surroundings. Websites like Airbnb have made it easier to stay with enthusiastic locals. Couch Surfing helps organize meet-ups between locals and travelers. The online marketplace Dopios offers a chance to meet locals through enjoyable experiences like a personalized city tour.

Backpacking can never be the way it was for our parents’ generation. But doing a little study of history and culture before leaving, and bravely getting rid of any electronic devices while traveling, will help give young travelers a taste of the glory days.

1.The underlined word “shattered” in Paragraph 2 most probably means ________.

A. broadened B. relived

C. ruined D. acquired

2.Which of the following can be used to describe the author’s father?

A. Sensitive. B. Adventurous.

C. Strict. D. Generous.

3.After the recent backpacking trip in Europe, the author’s father finds ________.

A. backpackers connect less with locals than before

B. young people dislike getting in touch with their family

C. a hostel is a nice place for travelers to meet each other

D. backpacking in Europe becomes more difficult than before

4.What’s the author’s attitude towards technology?

A. Negative.

B. Objective.

C. Uncertain.

D. Uninterested.

5.The text mainly discusses the relationship between ________.

A. technology and traveling

B. adventures and cultures

C. young people and their family

D. Canadian travelers and Europeans

根据短文内容，从下框的A-F选项中选出能概括出每段主题的最佳选项。选项中有一项是多余项。(E=A+B; F=A+C)

1.

You cannot have success if you don't know what it means to you. Set clear goals and be realistic. Your standards should be specific or else you will spend your entire time chasing (追寻) after a vague goal. For example, you want to be good at your job. However, this is not a specific goal .Instead , specify this goal as: “My goal is to only be late for work five times per year, at the most.” This is a specific goal that when achieved, give you a sense of satisfaction and completion, making you feel successful and confident.

2.

Look around--who has the success that you envision(想象) for yourself? What are they doing? How do they approach a successful life? Become their students. Ask them for advice. Spend time around them, if you can. Learn from them. They will bring you much useful experience.

3.

Successful people think big and act big. It can be scary to do, but if you don't, then how will you ever be successful? Don't wait for opportunities. Dig them out. Successful people make big investments ( in their careers, in their business, in their education ) and all investments involve some degree of risk. Study your risks, and be brave.

4.

People who are successful like solving problems and answering questions. No matter where you are or what you're doing, look around and try to think of ways you can find, for example, what are people struggling with or complaining about? How can you make life easier for them in an effective way? Can you redesign or reorganize some aspects of the situation so that things can run more smoothly?

5.

You should learn to persist. It is also the key factor to success. When asked about his 10,000 failed attempts to develop a storage battery, the prolific(多产的) American inventor Thomas Edison replied: "I have not failed; I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work. So, if your first attempt didn't work, don't quit and don't give up."

根据下列句子各句句意和空白之后的汉语提示词，在句子右边的横线上写出空缺处相应单词的正确形式，每空只写一词。

1.The harbor was full of soldiers with green ________ (行李).

2.________ (显然地), we cannot treat all the problems.

3.How does the sperm whale ________ (设法) to do this?

4.It is forbidden to reprint any article from this magazine without special ________ (许可).

5.The _______ (胡萝卜) is the second most popular vegetable in the world, after the potato.

6.Did you enjoy your visit in Sweden? What _______ (使印象深刻) you most there?

7.Her school report shows that she is weak at arithmetic and _______ (生物学).

8.She has shown extraordinary ________ (耐心) towards the boy.

9.Therefore, I wish to ________ (道歉) right now for what happened.

10.He is the only ________ (诗人) in this country that deserves the name.

假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧）。并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（/）划掉。

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：

1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不记分。

I still remember the morning. My father suddenly wake me up at about 5 and the sky was still gray. I jumped out bed, surprised and extreme happy, for we were going to get a book! When we drove to the bookstore, many people were already waiting there. We waited for our turn at about 8:30. I was overjoyed when I got a book, not only because of the book themselves, but also of the love from my father. Never before had I feel such a love from him, because my father, I believed then, had always been busy with his own work. That was “Harry Potter” that helped I feel the deep loves from my parents!

假设你是李华，下面是你的美国网友Alice发给你的一封电子邮件。

Dear Li Hua,

How are you getting along recently? I miss you very much, especially when I’ve met some difficulties in my studying of Chinese.

As you know, I’ve taught myself Chinese for more than half a year, but I can’t even read Chinese newspapers or magazines. I’m almost giving it up. Would you please give me some advice on how to study Chinese well? Thank you.

Yours ever,

Alice

请你根据来信内容写一封100词左右的回信，内容包括：

1. 对她的来信做出符合英美习惯的礼貌答复；

2. 回答她提出的问题；（至少两条建议）

3. 你的祝愿。

请你用英语给Alice写一封回信，回答她的提问。

注意：词数100左右；可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯

Dear Alice,

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Best wishes!

Sincerely yours,

Li Hua

When she moved the covering cloth to look upon his tiny face, she was shocked. The doctor turned quickly and looked out the tall hospital window. The baby had been born without ears.

Time proved that the baby’s hearing was perfect. When he rushed home from school one day and threw himself into his mother’s arms, she sighed, knowing that his life was to be full of heart- breaks for his imperfect appearance.

He grew up, handsome for his misfortune and popular with his fellow students. He might have been class monitor，but for that. He developed a gift, a talent for literature and music.

Two years went by. One day, his father said to the son, “You’re going to the hospital, son. Mother and I have someone who will donate the ears you need. But it’s a secret.” The operation was a brilliant success, and a new person turned up. His talents blossomed into genius, and his school and college became a series of success. Later he married and entered the diplomatic service.

One day ,he urged his father, “Who gave so much for me？I must know! I could never do enough for him.”

“I do not believe you could, ” said the father, “but the agreement was that you are not to know... not yet.”

The years kept their secret, but the day did come--- one of the darkest days that a son must endure. He stood with his father over his mother’s casket (棺材). Slowly, tenderly, the father reached out a hand and raised the thick, reddish-brown hair to show that the mother had no outer ears.

“Mother said she was glad she never let her hair be cut, ” he whispered gently, “and nobody ever thought Mother less beautiful, did they？”

Real beauty lies not in the physical appearance，but in the heart. Real treasure lies not in what can be seen，but in what cannot be seen. Real love lies not in what is done and known, but in what is done and not known.

1.The mother was shocked at the first sight of her baby because .

A. her baby was born without hair

B. her baby had a tiny face

C. her baby was born imperfect

D. the doctor turned to look out of the window

2.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A. The son attempted to repay the donator’s kindness.

B. The son didn't know the truth until his mother died.

C. With donated ears, the son’s life developed smoothly.

D. The boy couldn't hear clearly without ears at first.

3.Why did the boy's mother never have her hair cut?

A. Because her hair helped to keep a secret.

B. Because her hair added to her beauty.

C. Because her long hair was her pride.

D. Because she liked her thick and brown hair.

4.Which is the best title for the passage?

A. A Misfortunate Boy B. Mother’s Hair

C. Mother’s Secret Love D. A Successful Ear Operation

The Cuban iguana(大蜥蜴) is a species of lizard（蜥蜴） of the iguana family． It is the largest of the West Indian rock iguanas, one of the most endangered groups of lizards． This species with red eyes and a thick tail is one of the largest lizards in the Caribbean．

The Cuban iguana is primarily herbivorous; 95% of its diet consists of the leaves, flowers and fruits from as many as 30 plant species, including the seaside rock bush and various grasses． However, Cuban iguanas occasionally consume animal matter, and individuals have been observed eating the dead flesh of birds, fish and crabs, The researchers wrote that quite a few people on Isla Magueyes could have caused this incident．

The Cuban iguana is distributed throughout the rocky southern coastal areas of mainland Cuba and its surrounding islands with a wild population booming on Isla Magueyes, Puerto Rico． It is also found on the Cayman Islands of Little Cayman and Cayman Brac, where a separate subspecies occurs． Females guard their nest sites and often nest in sites half destroyed by Cuban crocodiles． To avoid the attack from them, the Cuban iguana often makes its home within or near prickly-pear cacti （仙人掌）．

In general the species is in decline, more quickly on the mainland than on the outlying islands． One of the reasons for their decline is habitat destruction caused by the over consuming of farm animals, housing development, and the building of tourist resorts on the beaches where the animals prefer to build their nests． Although the wild population is in decline, the numbers of iguanas have been sharply increased as a result of captive-breeding（圈养） and other conservation programs．

1.The underlined word "herbivorous" （Paragraph 2） probably means ．

A． dangerous B． gentle

C．flesh-eating D． plant-eating

2.Why does the Cuban iguana build its nest near prickly-pear cacti?

A． To keep itself cool．

B． To avoid crocodiles' attack．

C． To stay away from people．

D．To get the food easily．

3.How many reasons are mentioned for the habitat destruction?

A． Two． B．Five． C. Four． D． Three．

4.What's the author's purpose of writing the text?

A． To give us a brief introduction to the Cuban iguana．

B． To show he is concerned about the Cuban iguana．

C． To explain reasons for the Cuban iguana's decline．

D． To draw people's attention to the endangered Cuban iguana．

Next time you hear a funny joke you’d better not laugh too hard. According to a paper published by the British Medical Journal, laughter isn’t always the best medicine. Sometimes it can even be harmful. Professor Robin Ferner from the University of Birmingham, one of the authors of the study, found that bad things could happen to people who laughed too much. He says: “We found people with heartbeat problems which had stopped their heart, we found people who had fainted(昏倒), and we found people who’d dislocated their jaws or burst their lungs.”

It seems that laughing can be no laughing matter. But it’s not all doom and gloom. Professor Ferner says there are benefits to laughing when you want to lose weight, for example. Yes, that’s right: laugh and be slimmer! Professor Ferner explains that: “You use energy when you laugh, you move your diaphragm(横膈膜), you expand your lungs, and both those things can be helpful.”

According to the research, laughing for a quarter of an hour can burn up to 40 calories, and if you laughed all day you’d use up about 2,000 calories, which is what most people consume in a day. But don’t do that or you might end up with a painful jaw. Ouch! Or you might find people looking at you in a funny way.

But I don’t want to finish this article leaving you feeling desperate. Laughter comes naturally for most of us. Babies begin to laugh at around 3-6 months. So give in to your sense of humor and keep smiling. Life is short anyway.

1.Laughing too much may cause the following harmful results EXCEPT_________.

A. diaphragm movement

B. heart stop

C. lung burst

D. jaw dislocation

2.The underlined phrase “doom and gloom” in Paragraph 2 probably means_______.

A. nervous B. funny

C. painful D. hopeless

3. How many calories can you use if you laugh for half a day?

A. About 40. B. About 2,000.

C. About 1,000. D. About 2,040.

4. What is the author’s attitude towards laughing in the last paragraph?

A. Uninterested. B. Favorable.

C. Worried. D. Disapproving.