(1)It seems as if he has been there before.? He seems there before.? (2)It is likely that he will not arrive on time.? He is likely not on time.? 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

题目内容

(1)It seems as if he has been there before.?

He seems ________ ________ __________ there before.?

(2)It is likely that he will not arrive on time.?

He is likely not________ _________ on time.?

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The Nature of Stress

We are often faced with stressors that are outside of our control, from rare natural disasters to everyday traffic jams. There is a good deal of evidence that uncontrollable events are particularly stressful. This has been shown in studies of “executive rats,” in which two rats receive exactly the same electric shock, but one is given a lever（杠杆）that could be used to turn the shock off after it occurs. Over a long series of such trials, the partner rat, helpless to do anything about its pain, is more likely to develop ulcers (溃疡) than is the “executive”.

Stress is mostly caused by uncertain events. Uncertainty about an event makes it more disturbing. One study found that subjects who were told that they had a 5 percent chance of receiving an electric shock were actually more uneasy than those who were told that they had a 50 percent chance.

People make various attempts to deal with their stress---removing the cause of the stress, seeking the support of friends or reinterpreting the situation to make it seem less unpleasant. Richard Lazarus and his colleagues have made a useful distinction between problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies. Problem-focused strategies are those aimed at doing something to change the problem causing the stress. Emotion-focused strategies tend to regulate our distressing emotional responses.

Psychologists Susan Folkman and Richard Lazarus examined undergraduate students’ coping strategies at three time periods---two days before a midterm examination, a week later two days before the grades were announced, and five days after the grades were posted. Before the exam, students tended to use such problem-focused strategies as studying---a guaranteed way to reduce the potential problems. After the exam, when their fates were sealed, if they sought out others, it was usually for emotional support.

Like other animals, humans have always been safer in groups. Besides physical protection, people provide emotional support that can reduce the psychological and physiological symptoms of stress. A lack of support can increase our susceptibility（敏感性） to illness. For instance, short-term loneliness is associated with a decrease in immune response（免疫应答）. In contrast, people who have strong social ties are usually more resistant to disease. For instance, after being diagnosed as having a life threatening disease, married people are likely to survive longer than unmarried people.

People may provide appraisal support, helping us to evaluate and clarify how serious a problem is. If a professor tells you that he had also failed his first college algebra exam, the consequences of your failure will seem less devastating. Others can also provide informational support, giving advice about how to deal with the problem. Finally, friends and relatives may give us instrumental support, providing material goods or services to overcome the stress. If your father lends you some money when your car breaks down, you can stop tearing your hair out and just fix it.

Title：The Nature of Stress

1._________ makes people more stressed	Events that can’t be 2.__________ are more stressful. Events that are3.________will make animals or people more stressed.
How to 4. _____stress	● Remove the cause of the stress. ●5.________to friends for help. ● Reinterpret the situation.
Do something to change the problem that 6._______ the stress.
Regulate our distressing emotional responses.
Effects of social support	Support and protection from society make people feel less7.____.
Strong social ties make people both physically and 8.___________ healthy.
Types of social support	Appraisal support 9.____________ evaluate and clarify a problem.
Informational support gives advice on how to solve a problem.
Instrumental support provides material goods or services to get10._______ the stress.

根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填人空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为

多余选项。

Stress is very common in all walks of life and in all fields of work.

1 It can be related to work, an unhappy marriage, money problems or a whole host of things that cause people to become very unhappy with their lives. People who suffer from this condition often cannot see anything good about their lives.____2____

Teen stress is one of the leading causes of suicide（自杀）among teenagers who are unable to cope with all the pressures that seem to come at them from all sides. Even a child as young as two or three years of age can feel stressed, when he/she is trying to

live up to the parents expectations of being a good boy or girl. 3

4 New research suggests that exercising as a way of stress management helps people to improve their minds as well as their bodies because they become fit, giving them a whole new feeling about themselves.

You have to think about what is causing you to become stressed and if it is possible to avoid these things. If you feel stressed because it seems that people are always taking up your private time, you need to learn to say "No" once in a while.____5____If your work stress is the cause of your illness and if you are experiencing problems with your heart，the doctor may need to send you for a stress test to determine whether or not there is a serious problem developing.

A． Using exercise as a form of stress relief has many benefits.

B． You do need to talk to someone who can help, such as your doctor.

C． As a result of that, people began to choose easy jobs.

D． Doctors also have pressures from their tiring work.

E. It can lead to suicide, heart attacks and cancer as research has shown.

F. School age children have pressures on them from schoolwork, parents and friends.

G. It is most dangerous because it can affect a person's health.

五、Cloze test(完形填空)20分

In the last century there were not 　1　 big towns in the U.S.　2　 there are today.Most towns in the country were small.And in these small towns,the general store was 　3　 people 　4 the things they couldn't made or grow at home.

5 the store sold 6 a good deal about life in the United States at that time.People bought tools that they needed on their farms.They bought salt,sugar,coffee and 7 that their farms didn't produce.They bought articles of 8 that they could not make themselves,and cloth or other materials that the 9 would make into dresses for themselves,shirts for the men and clothes for their children.

Life in the 10 century America was 11 .One proves that most people were satisfied with what they had 12 still they looked forward 13 courage to whatever the future would 14 them.It would be interesting to know 15 they would feel about life in the world today. 16 to them that life is too complex,or would they be glad to see that life is 17 in the past?

Nobody will 18 know the 19 people at that time would enjoy life today or not.Perhaps man is always the same of his kind.They did take things for granted,and also they did try to make life more comfortable.We have to admit that it is the same 20 people at present.

1.A.many B.so many C.so much D.a lot of

2.A.where B.like C.what D.as

3.A.where B.for C.in which D.that

4.A.made B.bought C.sold D.paid for

5.A.That B.No matter C.Which D.What

6.A.says B.talks C.refers D.tells

7.A.other things B.another food C.other foods D.foods and drinks

8.A.clothes B.clothing C.dresses D.suits

9.A.farmers B.men C.women D.children

10.A.eighteenth B.nineteenth C.twentieth D.next

11.A.easy B.simple C.interesting D.tiresome

12.A.and which B.and yet C.and that D.but what

13.A.in B.to C.of D.with

14.A.bring B.take C.happen to D.serve

15.A.what B.whether C.that D.how

16.A.Did it appear B.Would it seem C.What did it seem D.What appeared

17.A.still what it used to be B.better than what it was

C.much more easier than D.no more than it was

18.A.never B.always C.once D.ever

19.A.truth that B.fact whether C.idea how D.information of

20.A.as B.for C.with D.like

In the small towns of the United States in the 1 (nineteen) century, the general store was 2 everyone bought the things he couldn’t make 3 grow at home. What the stores sold 4 (tell) a great deal about 5 life at that time. People bought tools that they needed for farm work; salt, sugar and 6 foods that the farm didn’t produce; articles of clothing that they couldn’t make 7 ; shirts for the men; or clothes for the children. Life was simple then. One feels that people were 8 (thank) for what they had and that they looked 9 with courage to whatever the future brought. It would be interesting to know how they would feel about the life today. Would it seem to them that life is too complex? Would they enjoy 10 (live) a life as we do now?

Directions: Read the following passage and choose the most suitable heading from A—F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need．

A．The results explained why time passes quickly when we are dealing with more tasks

B．Time flies when you are having fun and drags when you are bored．

C．Volunteers were told to finish three different tasks in the study．

D．There are areas of the brain having the function of estimating time．

E．Concentrating on time passing is probably a more accurate perception of reality

F．Focusing on' the duration or the color the of image makes trips speed．

Scans have shown that patterns of activity in the brain change depending on how we focus on a task． Concentrating on time passing, as we do when bored, will trigger brain activity which will make it seem as though the clock is ticking more slowly．

In the study, 12 volunteers watched an image while researchers monitored their brain activity using MRI scans．Volunteers were given a variety of tasks．In one they were told to concentrate simply on the duration of an image, in another they were asked to focus on the color, and in a third they were asked to concentrate on both duration and color．

The results showed that a network of brain regions was activated when more subjects were paid attention to duration．It is thought that if the brain is busy focusing on many aspects of a task, then it has to spread its resources thinly, and pays less heed（注意） to time passing．Therefore, time passes without us really noticing it, and seems to go quickly．

However, if the brain is not stimulated in this way, it concentrates its full energies on monitoring the passing of time．This may make time seem to drag, but in fact the researchers found that the more volunteers concentrated on the duration of the images, the more accurate were their estimates of its duration．

Lead researcher Dr Jennifer Coull said many of the areas of the brain involved in estimating time were the same that played a key role in controlling movement, and preparing for action．She said this overlap suggests that the brain may make sense of time as intervals between movements, in much the same way as a musician marks time with his foot, or an athlete anticipates the sound of a starter's pistol（手枪）．

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