Ideas about polite behavior are different from one culture to another．Some societies, such as America and Australia, for example, are mobile and very open．People here change jobs and move houses quite often．As a result, they have a lot of relationships that often last only a short time, and they need to get to know people quickly．So it’s normal to have friendly conversations with people that they have just met, and you can talk about things that other cultures would regard as personal．
On the other hand, there are more crowded and less mobile societies where long–term relationships are more important．A Malaysian or Mexican business person, for example, will want to get to know you very well before he or she feels happy to start business．But when you do get to know each other, the relationship becomes much deeper than it would in a mobile society．
To Americans, both Europeans and Asians seem cool and formal at first．On the other hand, as a passenger from a less mobile society puts it, it’s no fun spending several hours next to a stranger who wants to tell you all about his or her life and asks you all sorts of questions that you don’t want to answer．
Cross-cultural differences aren’t just a problem for travelers, but also for the flights that carry them．All flights want to provide the best service, but ideas about good service are different from place to place．This can be seen most clearly in the way that problems are dealt with．
Some societies have “universalist” cultures．These societies strongly respect rules, and they treat every person and situation in basically the same way．“Particularist” societies, on the other hand, also have rules, but they are less important than the society’s unwritten ideas about what is right or wrong for a particular situation or a particular person．So the normal rules are changed to fit the needs of the situation or the importance of the person．
This difference can cause problems．A traveler from a particularist society, India, is checking in for a flight in Germany, a country which has a universalist culture．The Indian traveler has too much luggage, but he explains that he has been away from home for a long time and the suitcases are full of presents for his family．He expects that the check–in official will understand his problem and will change the rules for him．The check–in official explains that if he was allowed to have too much luggage, it wouldn’t be fair to the other passengers．But the traveler thinks this is unfair, because the other passengers don’t have his problem．
(1)
Often moving from one place to another makes people like Americans and Australians ________．
[ ]
A．
like traveling better
B．
easy to communicate with
C．
difficult to make real friends
D．
have a long–term relationship with their neighbors
(2)
People like Malaysians prefer to associate with those ________．
[ ]
A．
who will tell them everything of their own
B．
who want to do business with them
C．
they know quite well
D．
who are good at talking
(3)
A person from a less mobile society will feel it ________ when a stranger keeps talking to him or her．
[ ]
A．
boring
B．
friendly
C．
normal
D．
rough
(4)
Which of the following is true about “particularist societies”?
[ ]
A．
There is no rule for people to obey．
B．
People obey the society’s rules completely．
C．
No one obeys the society’s rules though they have．
D．
The society’s rules can be changed with different persons or situations．
(5)
The writer of the passage thinks that the Indian and the German have different ideas about rules because of different ________．
Sociologists, working in western countries, have found that a large number of women wished they had been born men．The number is said to be as high as 6％ in Germany．
“Women often wish they had the same chances as men have, and think it is still men's world,”said Dr James Helen, one of the sociologists who did the study．
Many men say that they have more duties than women．A man has to make money to support his family and to make the important decision, so it is right for men to be paid more．Some are even against their wives working at all．When wives go out to work, they say, the home and children cannot be taken good care of．If women take full--time jobs, they won’t be able to do what they are best doing：making a nice home and bringing up the children．
Some women disagree．They say they want to get out of their homes and to have freedom to choose between work and home life．Women have the right of equal pay and equal chances．
Anne Harper has a very good job．She also believes in“Women’s Liberation”,“I don’t wish I were a man,”she says,“and I don’t think many women do．But I do wish people would stop treating us like second－class people．At work, for example, we usually do the work that men do but get paid less．There are still a lot of jobs only to men-usually they are the best ones．If you are a man, you have a much better chance of living a wonderful life．How many women scientists are there…or engineers?”
(1)
Many men think ________．
[ ]
A．
women can’t do what men can
B．
men have to work much harder than women
C．
men can make money more easily than women
D．
women’s duty is mainly to do housework at home
(2)
Some women have different ideas．They say that ________．
[ ]
A．
women need chances to go out of the home more often
B．
women want more freedom in deciding the kind of life they want
C．
if women are given equal pay, they can do everything instead of men
D．
women are no longer interested in taking care of their homes
(3)
Anne Harper didn’t wish to be a man ________．
[ ]
A．
because she believed in “Women’s Liberation”
B．
but she wished to get the same job as men
C．
because she had got a good job
D．
but she wished to be treated the same as a man
(4)
Which of the following is not true according to the passage?
[ ]
A．
There are more men scientists, engineers than women ones．
B．
Women are second－class people, so they shouldn’t live a better life．
C．
Women do the same jobs as men, but get paid less than men．
D．
There are some best jobs that women have few chances to take．
(5)
Anne Harper thought that ________．
[ ]
A．
women should live a better life than men
B．
women should be really liberated
C．
women should be given better jobs than men
D．
women should live a more wonderful life than men
阅读理解。
I’m seventeen．I had worked as a box boy at a supermarket in Los Angeles．People came to the counter and you put things in their bags for them and carried things to their cars．It was hard work．
While working, you wear a plate with your name on it．I once met someone I knew years ago．I remembered his name and said, “Mr．Castle, how are you?” We talked about this and that．As he left, he said, “It was nice talking to you, Brett．” I felt great, he remembered me．Then I looked down at my name plate．Oh no．He didn’t remember me at all, he just read the name plate．I wish I had put “Irving” down on my name plate．If he’d have said, “Oh yes, Irving, how could I forget you?” I’d have been ready for him．There’s nothing personal here．
The manager and everyone else who were a step above the box boys often shouted orders．One of these was：You couldn’t accept tips．Okay, I’m outside and I put the bags in the car．For a lot of people, the natural reaction is to take a quarter and give it to me．I’d say, “I’m sorry, I can’t．” They’d get angry．When you give someone a tip, you’re sort of being polite．You take a quarter and you put it in their hands and you expect them to say, “Oh, thanks a lot．” When you say, “I’m sorry, I can’t,” they feel a little put down．They say, “No one will know．” And they put it in your pocket．You say, “I really can’t．” It gets to a point where you almost have to hurt a person physically to prevent him from tipping you．It was not in agreement with the store’s belief in being friendly．Accepting tips was a friendly thing and made the customer feel good．I just couldn’t understand the strangeness of some people’s ideas．One lady actually put it in my pocket, got in the car, and drove away．I would have had to throw the quarter at her or eaten it or something．
I had decided that one year was enough．Some people needed the job to stay alive and fed．I guess I had the means and could afford to hate it and give it up．
(1)
What can be the best title for this text?
[ ]
A．
How Hard Life is for Box Boys
B．
Getting along with Customers
C．
Why I Gave up My Job
D．
The Art of Taking Tips
(2)
From the second paragraph, we can infer that _________．
[ ]
A．
the writer didn’t like the impersonal part of his job
B．
with a name plate, people can easily start talking
C．
Mr．Castle mistook Irving for Brett
D．
Irving was the writer’s real name
(3)
The box boy refused to accept tips because _________．
[ ]
A．
customers only gave small tips
B．
some customers had strange ideas about tipping
C．
the store forbade the box boys to take tips
D．
he didn’t want to fight with the customers
(4)
The underlined phrase “put down” in the third paragraph probably means _________．
words that come from outside