Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time: if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people’s. In the same way, children learn to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught--- to walk , run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle --- compare their own performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes for himself, let alone(更不用说) correct them. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless he was made to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let him do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word says, what the answer is to that problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.

    If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers. Why should we teachers waste time on such routine(常规的) work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can’t find the way to get the right answer. Let’s end all this nonsense of grades, exams and marks. Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn: how to measure their own understanding, how to know what they know or do not know.

    Let them get on with this job in the way that seems most sensible(合情理的) to them, with our help as school teachers if they ask for it. The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of one’s life is nonsense(无意义的) in a world as complicated and rapidly changing as ours. Anxious parents and teachers say, “But suppose they fail to learn something essential(基本的), something they will need to get on in the world?” Don’t worry! If it is essential, they will go out into the world and learnt it.

What does the writer think is the best way for children to think?

By listening to their parents’ instructions. 

By asking a great many questions.

By making mistakes and having them corrected. 

By copying what other people do.

What does the writer think teachers should not do?

A. Give children correct answers.        

B. Point out children’s mistakes to them.

C. Allow children to mark their own work.    

D. Encourage children to copy one another.

According to the passage, learning to speak and learning to ride a bike are _____.

A. the most important skills                  B. the basic skills children should master

C. almost the same as learning other skills     D. much different from learning other skills.

The writer thinks that children’s progress should only be estimated(评估) by ______.

A. the children themselves                B. their parents

    C. their teachers                         D. education authorities(权威)

The writer is afraid that children will grow up into adults who are ______.

A. too selfish                            B. too independent

C. dependent and unable to use basic skills    D. able to think for themselves

In choosing a friend, one should be very careful. A good friend can help you study. You can have fun together and make each other happy. Sometimes you will meet fair weather friends. They will be with you as long as you have money or luck, but when you are down, they will run away. How do I know when I have found a good friend? I look for certain qualities  of character, especially understanding, honesty and reliability (可靠).

  Above all else, I look for understanding in a friend. A good friend tries to understand how another person is feeling. He is not quick to judge. Instead, he tries to learn from others. He puts himself in the other person's place, and he tries to think of ways to be helpful. He is also a good listener.

  At the same time, however, a good friend is honest. He does not look for faults in others. He notices their good points. In short, a friend will try to understand me and accept me.

  Another quality of a friend is reliability. I can always depend on a good friend. If he tells me he will meet me somewhere at a certain time, I can be sure that he will be there. If I need a favor, he will do his best to help me. If I am in trouble, he will not run away from me.

  There is a fourth quality that makes a friend special. A special friend is someone with whom we can have fun. We should enjoy our lives, and we would enjoy our friendship. That is why I especially like friends who are fun to be with. A good friend likes the same things I like. We share experience (经验) and learn from each other. A good friend has a good sense of humor, too. He likes to laugh with me. That is how we share in the joy of being friends. And I know that he is looking for the same quality in me.

  When I meet someone who is reliable, honest, and understanding, I know I've found a friend!

Which of the following qualities the writer thinks is the most important in choosing a friend?

   A. understanding.  B. honesty.   C. reliability.  D. a sense of humor.

 If you have fair weather friends, ______ .

   A. they will give you all that they have when you need help     

B. you will be refused when you get into trouble

   C. you will become rich   

D. you can be sure that you get real friends

Good friends need to ______.

   A. always point out each other's mistakes      B. be helped with money

   C. understand each other's feelings           D. have money or luck

This passage mainly discuss ______ .

   A. the qualities of a friend                  B. where to choose friends

C. how to get along with friends             D. the importance of having a friend

What is the nature of the scientific attitude, the attitude of the man or woman who studies and applies physics, biology, chemistry, geology, engineering, medicine or any other science?

We all know that science plays an important role in our societies. However, many people believe that our progress depends on two different aspects of science. The first aspect is the application of the machines, products and systems of knowledge that scientists and technologists develop.  The second is the application of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. 

What are these special methods of thinking and acting? First of all, it seems that a successful scientist is curious - he wants to find out how and why the universe works. He usually pays attention to problems which he notices have no satisfying explanation, and looks for relationships even if the data available seem to be unconnected. Moreover, he thinks he can improve the existing conditions and enjoys trying to solve the problems which this involves.

He is a good observer, accurate, patient and objective and uses the facts he observes to the fullest. For example, trained observers obtain a very large amount of information about a star mainly from the accurate analysis of the simple lines that appear in a spectrum(光谱).

He does not accept statements which are not based on the most complete evidence available. He rejects authority as the only basis for truth. Scientists always check statements and make experiments carefully and objectively.

Furthermore, he does not readily accept his own idea, since he knows that man is the least reliable of scientific instruments and that a number of factors tend to disturb objective investigation.

Lastly, he is full of imagination since he often has to look for relationships in data which are not only complex but also frequently incomplete. Furthermore, he needs imagination if he wants to guess how processes work and how events take place.

These seem to be some of the ways in which a successful scientist or technologist thinks and acts. 

1.Many people believe that science helps society to progress through_________

A.knowledge only.                        B.more than one aspect.

C.technology only.                        D.the use of machines.

2.Which of the following statements about a curious scientist is TRUE?

A.He doesn’t find confidence and pleasure in work.

B.He is interested in problems that are explained.

C.He makes efforts to investigate potential connections.

D.He looks for new ways of acting.

3.According to the passage, a successful scientist would NOT_______________.

A.easily believe in unchecked statements.

B.easily criticize others' research work.

C.always use his imagination in work.

D.always use evidence from observation.

4.Which word can be used to describe the data that a good scientist uses?

A.complete         B.objective          C.complicated       D.accurate

 

In choosing a friend, one should be very careful. A good friend can help you study. You can have fun together and make each other happy. Sometimes you will meet fair-weather friends, who will be with you as long as you have money or luck, but when you are down, they will run away. How do I know when I have found a good friend? I look for certain qualities (品质) of character, especially understanding, honesty and reliability (可靠).

Above all else, I look for understanding in a friend. A good friend tries to understand how another person is feeling. He is not quick to judge. Instead, he tries to learn from others. He puts himself in the other person’s place, and he tries to think of ways to be helpful. He is also a good listener.

At the same time, however, a good friend is honest. He does not look for faults (过错) in others. He notices their good points. In short, a friend will try to understand me and accept me.

Another quality of a friend is reliability. I can always depend on a good friend. If he tells me he will meet me somewhere at a certain time, I can be sure that he will be there. If I need a favor, he will do his best to help me. If I am in trouble, he will not run away from me.

There is a fourth quality that makes a friend special. A special friend is someone with whom we can have fun. We should enjoy our lives, and we would enjoy our friendship. That is why I especially like friends who are fun to be with. A good friend likes the same things I like. We share experience (经验) and learn from each other. A good friend has a good sense of humor, too. He likes to laugh with me. That is how we share in the joy of being friends. And I know that he is looking for the same quality in me.

When I meet someone who is reliable, honest, and understanding, I know I’ve found a friend!

1. If you have fair-weather friends, _____.

A.they will give you all that they have when you need help

B.you will be refused when you get into trouble

C.you will become rich

D.you can be sure that you get real friends

2.Good friends need to ______.

A.always point out each other’s mistakes

B.be helped with money

C.understand each other’s feelings

D.have money or luck.

3. This passage mainly discusses ________.

A.the qualities of a friend

B.where to choose friends

C.how to get along with friends

D.the importance of having a friend

 

In choosing a friend, one should be very careful. A good friend can help you study. You can have fun together and make each other happy. Sometimes you will meet fair-weather friends. They will be with you as long as you have money or luck, but when you are down, they will run away. How do I know when I have found a good friend? I look for certain qualities (品质) of character, especially understanding, honesty and reliability (可靠).

Above all else, I look for understanding in a friend. A good friend tries to understand how another person is feeling. He is not quick to judge. Instead, he tries to learn from others. He puts himself in the other person's place, and he tries to think of ways to be helpful. He is also a good listener.

At the same time, however, a good friend is honest. He does not look for faults (过错) in others. He notices their good points. In short, a friend will try to understand me and accept me.

Another quality of a friend is reliability. I can always depend on (信赖) a good friend. If he tells me he will meet me somewhere at a certain time, I can be sure that he will be there. If I need a favor, he will do his best to help me. If I am in trouble, he will not run away from me.

There is a fourth quality that makes a friend special. A special friend is someone with whom we can have fun. We should enjoy our lives, and we would enjoy our friendship. That is why I especially like friends who are fun to be with. A good friend likes the same things I like. We share experience (经验) and learn from each other. A good friend has a good sense of humor (幽默), too. He likes to laugh with me. That is how we share in the joy of being friends. And I know that he is looking for the same quality in me.

When I meet someone who is reliable, honest, and understanding, I know I've found a friend!

1.Which of the following qualities the writer thinks is the most important in choosing a friend?

A.understanding.

B.honesty.

C.reliability.

D.a sense of humor.

2.If you have fair-weather friends, ______ .

A.they will give you all that they have when you need help

B.you will be refused when you get into trouble

C.you will become rich

D.you can be sure that you get real friends

3.Good friends need to ______.

A.always point out each other's mistakes

B.be helped with money

C.understand each other's feelings

D.have money or luck

4.This passage mainly discuss ______ .

A.the qualities of a friend

B.where to choose friends

C.how to get along with friends

D.the importance of having a friend

 

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