Question

11．The economic growth that many nations in Asia and increasingly Africa have experienced over the past couple of decades has transformed hundreds of millions of lives-almost entirely for the better．But there's a byproduct to that growth，one that's evident-or sometimes less than evident-in the smoggy，smelly skies above cities like Beijing，New Delhi and Jakarta．Thanks to new cars and power plants，air pollution is bad and getting worse in much of the world，and it's taking a major toll （伤亡人数，代价） on global health．
How big？According to a new analysis published in the Lancet，more than 3.2 million people suffered deaths from air pollution in 2010，the largest number on record．That's up from 800，000 in 2000．And it's a regional problem：65% of those deaths occurred in Asia，where the air is choked by diesel soot （内燃发动机烟雾） from cars and trucks，as well as the song from power plants and the dust from endless urban construction．In East Asia and China，1.2 million people died，as well as another 712，000 in South Asia，including India．For the first time ever，air pollution is on the world's top-10 list of killers，and it's moving up the ranks faster than any other factor．
So how can air pollution be so damaging？It is the very finest soot-so small that it roots deep within the lungs and from the enters the bloodstream-that contributes to most of the public-health toll of air pollution including death．Diesel soot，which can also cause cancer，is a major problem because it is concentrated in cities along transportation zones affecting overpopulated areas．It is thought to contribute to half the deaths from air pollution in urban centers．Fro example，1 in 6 people in the U．S．live near a diesel-pollution hot spot like a rail yard，port terminal or freeway．
We also know that air pollution may be linked to other non-deadly diseases．Fortunately in the U．S．and other developed nations，urban air is for the most part cleaner than it was 30 or 40 years ago，thanks to regulations and new technologies like the catalytic converters （催化式排气净化器） that reduce automobile emissions．Govemments are also pushing to make air cleaner-see the White House's move last week to further tighten soot standards．It's not perfect，but we've had much more success dealing with air pollution than climate change．
Will developing nations like India eventually catch up？Hopefully-though the problem may get worse before it gets better．The good news is that it doesn't take a major technological advance to improve urban air．Switching from diesel fuel to unleaded （无铅燃油） helps，as do newer and cleaner cars which are less likely to send out pollutants．Power plants-even ones that burn mineral fuels like coal-can be fitted with pollution-control equipment that，at a price，will greatly reduce smog and other pollutants．
But the best solutions may involve urban design．In the Guardian，John Vidal notes that Delhi now has 200 cars per 1，000 people，far more than much richer Asian cities like Hong Kong and Singapore．Developing cities will almost certainly see an increase in care ownership as residents become wealthier-and that doesn't have to mean deadly air pollution．Higher incomes should also lead to tougher environmental regulations，witch is exactly what happened in the West．We can only hope it happens before the death toll from bad air gets even higher．
41．What tends to give rise to the highest death toll according to the passage？D
A．The lack of tight environmental protection standards．
B．The increasing numbers of the diesel cars and trucks．
C．The frighteningly high death rate from deadly cancer．
D．The world's serious air pollution such as soot and dust．
42．The"byproduct"（Paragraph 1）most probably refers toA
A．consequence      B．solution         C．reform           D．design
43．The basic reason why so many people die from air pollution is thatC
A．the diesel soot is too small to be seen
B．the diesel soot is much too poisonous to breathe
C．the diesel soot roots in lungs and gets into blood
D．the diesel soot can also contribute to deadly cancer
44．According to the passage，the writer actually wants to convince the readers thatD   
A．the global economic growth is mainly to blame for air pollution and climate change
B．the developing countries are repeating the same mistakes as the developed ones made
C．the ecological situation and air pollution in India are becoming worse and worse
D．the unbeatable air is increasingly becoming a major killer throughout the world 
45．By describing urban design as"the best solution"in the last paragraph，the writer means thatB
A．the making of tougher environmental regulations alone is of little use
B．more sever regulations should be made to handle air pollution
C．the urban construction in western developed countries is the best choice
D．the pace of development has to be slowed down to reduce air pollution．

Answer 1

分析 本文属于说明文阅读，作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了亚洲和日益增长的非洲经济使人们的生活更好了，但是经济发展导致了严重的空气污染，最终导致越来越多的人死于和空气污染有关的疾病．究其原因是极细小的颗粒进入人的肺里和血液中，最终导致致命的疾病．人民的生活水平提高了，车也多了，但是相应的更严厉的治理空气污染的法规政策也应该跟上，这样才不会使由于空气污染导致的死亡率更高．

解答 41．D．细节理解题．根据文章第一段的Thanks to newcars and power plants，air pollution is bad and getting worse in much of theworld，and it's taking a major toll on global health．（由于新车和发电厂，在世界许多的地方空气污染变得更严重了，它成为了全球健康伤亡的主要原因．）和第二段的For the first time ever，air pollution ison the world's top-10 list of killers，and it's moving up the ranks fasterthan any other factor．（历史上第一次，空气污染高居世界最高峰-10大杀手名单，比其他因素攀升的都快．）可知空气污染导致了最高死亡人数，故选D．
42．A．词意猜测题．byproduct 意为副产品，根据本句句意：但是经济的增长带来了一个"副产品"，一个有时明显有时不太明显的副产品，在像北京、新德里和雅加达这样的城市上空弥漫着雾蒙蒙、难闻的气味．所以在这里byproduct 就是经济的后果，发展经济以牺牲环境为代价．故选A．
43．C．细节理解题．根据文章第三段"It is the very finest soot-so small that it roots deep within the lungs and from the enters the bloodstream-that contributes to most of the public-health toll of air pollution including death．"是那些非常细小的烟雾-如此细小以至于它深深植根于在肺里然后进入到血液里-导致大多数公众由于空气污染患上健康问题甚至死亡．由此判断空气污染导致死亡的基本原因；故选C．
44．D．主题归纳题．通读全文，可知本文主要讲述的是经济的发展带来的空气污染进而致人死亡的问题．其他为次要问题．故选D．
45．B．推理判断题．根据文章最后一段"Higher incomes should also lead to tougher environmental regulations"更高的收入意味着更有利的环保措施，正如西方国家一样．可推测富了更应该有更严厉的规章制度来应对空气污染．故选B．

点评 考察学生的细节理解和推理判断能力，做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句，和题干进行比较，再做出正确的选择．在做推理判断题不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实，要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断．