【题目】阅读下面的文言文，回答下列各题

始皇既没，余威震于殊俗。然陈涉瓮牖绳枢之子，氓隶之人，而迁徙之徒也；才能不及中人，非有仲尼、墨翟之贤，陶朱、猗顿之富；蹑足行伍之间，而倔起阡陌之中，率疲弊之卒，将数百之众，转而攻秦；斩木为兵，揭竿为旗，天下云集响应，赢粮而景从。山东豪俊并起而亡秦族矣。

且夫天下非小弱也，雍州之地，崤函之固，自若也。陈涉之位，非尊于齐、楚、燕、赵、韩、魏、宋、卫、中山乏君也；锄耰棘矜，非铦于钩戟长铩也；谪戍之众，非抗于九国之师也；深谋远虑，行军用兵之道，非及向时之士也。然而成败异变，功业相反，何也?试使山东之国与陈涉度长絜大，比权量力，则不可同年而语矣。然秦以区区之地，致万乘之势，序八州而朝同列，百有余年矣；然后以六合为家，崤函为宫；一夫作难而七庙隳，身死人手，为天下笑者，何也?仁义不施而攻守之势异也。

【1】对下列各句中加点的词的解释，不正确的—项是（ ）

A．赢粮而景从 赢：担负。

B．锄耰棘矜，非铦于钩戟长铩也 铦：锋利。

C．余威震于殊俗 殊：特殊。

D．序八州而朝同列 序：排列座次。

【2】下列加点词语的意义和用法，相同的一项是（ ）

A．锄耰棘矜，非铦于钩戟长铩也 于是余有叹焉

B．然秦以区区之地 以先国家之急而后私仇也

C．然后以六合为家，崤函为宫 吾属皆且为所虏

D．非及向时之士也 仁义不施而攻守之势异也

【3】下列对原文有关内容的概括和分析，不正确的一项是（ ）

A．“仁义不施而攻守之势异也”是全文的中心，作者用以劝说当代及后世统治者施行

仁义以安民。

B．本段文字集中运用了对比手法，通过对比论证，非常鲜明地突出了全文中心。

C．本段是在前文铺叙基础上的集中议论，大量的史实使作者的论点水到渠成。

D．本段文字思路清晰，层次分明。以“仁义不施而攻守之势异也”收束全篇，点明主

旨。

【4】把文中画线的句子翻译成现代汉语。

（1）斩木为兵，揭竿为旗，天下云集响应，赢粮而景从。

译文：_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

（2）一夫作难而七庙隳，身死人手，为天下笑者，何也?仁义不施而攻守之势异也。

译文：_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

【题目】My sister was against my suggestion while my brother was __________ it.

A. in honour of

B. in memory of

C. in search of

D. in favour of

【题目】与友人论师书

钱大昕

日者，足下枉过仆，仆以事他出，未得见。顷遇某舍人云，足下欲以仆为师，仆弗敢闻也。

师道之废久矣，古之所谓师者，曰经师，曰人师；令之所谓师者，曰童子之师，曰乡会试之师，曰投拜之师。人生五六岁，始能识字。稍长则习业之文，父兄皆延师教之。父兄曰：“汝师之。”吾从而师之。非必道德之可师也，巫医百工之人皆有师。童子之师，犹巫医百工之师，称之曰师可也。乡会试主司同考之于士子，朝廷未尝许其为师，而相沿师之者，三百余年。然甲令①又有外官、官小者回避之例,则固明予以师之称矣。汉人于主有为之制服者，而门生之名，唐宋以来有之。语其辈行，则先达也;语其交谊，则知己也。因其一日之知，而奉之以先生长者之号，称之曰师，亦可也。今之最无谓者，其投拜之师乎！外雅而内俗，名公而实私。师之所求于弟子者，利也，传道解惑无有也，束修之问，朝至而夕忘之矣；弟子之所藉于师者，势也，质疑问难无有也，今日得志，而明日背其师矣。是故一命以上，皆可抗颜而为师，而横目二足贩脂卖浆之子，皆引而为弟子。士习由此而偷，官方由此而隳，师道由此而坏。

孟子曰：“人之患在好为人师。”古之好为师也以名，今之好为师也以利。好名之心，仆少时不免，迄今方以为戒，而惟利是视，则仆弗敢出也。足下于仆，非有一日之好，而遽欲师之。仆自量文章道德，不足以为足下师，而势力又不足以引拔足下。若欲藉仆以纳交一二巨公，俾少为援手，则仆之硁硁②自守，不干人以私，友朋所共知。仆固不欲自误，而亦何忍以误足下乎？如以仆粗通经史，可备刍荛之询，他日以平交往还足矣。直谅多闻，谓之三益。不识仆之戅直，得附足下益友之一否？惟足下裁察。

注:①甲令：法令。②硁硁：固执。

【1】对下列句子中加点词的解释，不正确的一项是（ ）

A．父兄皆延师教之 延：邀请

B．弟子之所藉于师者 藉：借助

C．士习由此而偷 偷：怠惰

D．直谅多闻，谓之三益 谅：原谅

【2】下列对原文有关内容的概括和分析，不正确的一项是（ ）

A．友人前来拜访钱大昕，希望拜他为师，却没有遇到。不久，钱大昕从他人那里听说这件事，于是写信表达拒绝之意。

B．钱大昕认为现在所称的老师与古代所称的老师的性质已经发生了变化，提出自己从师的主张，明确告诫友人如何择师。

C．自古以来，都有投师拜师之风，然而不同时代投师者和为师者的动机不尽相同，作者对当时不良的投师之风进行了批判。

D．在信的末尾，作者表明了自己愿意以平等的身份与友人共同探讨学术问题的态度，表达了能成为他益友的愿望。

【3】把文中画线的句子翻译成现代汉语。

（1）非必道德之可师也，巫医百工之人皆有师。

译文：________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

（2）好名之心，仆少时不免，迄今方以为戒，而惟利是视，则仆弗敢出也。

译文：________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

【4】请根据第三段文意，简要概括作者拒绝做“友人”老师的原因。

答：__________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

【题目】阅读下面的文言文，完成下列各题。

上池州李使君①书

杜牧

仆与足下齿同而道不同，足下性俊达坚明，心正而气和，饰以温慎，故处世显明无罪悔。（仆）在京城间，家事人事，终日促束，不得日出所怀以自晓，自然不敢以辈流间期足下也。

去岁乞假，自江、汉间归京，乃知足下出官之由，勇于为义，向者仆之期足下之心，果为不缪②，私自喜贺，足下果不负天所付与、仆所期向，二者所以为喜且自贺也，幸甚，幸甚。仆不足道，虽能为学，亦无所益，如足下之才之时，真可惜也。向者所谓俊达坚明，心正而气和，饰以温慎，此才可惜也；年四十为刺史，得僻左小郡，有衣食，无为吏之苦，此时之可惜也。仆以为天资足下有异日名声，迹业光于前后，正在今日，可不勉之！

仆常念百代之下，未必为不幸，何者？以其书具而事多也。今之言者必曰：“使圣人微旨不传，乃郑玄③辈为注解之罪。”仆观其所解释，明白完具，虽圣人复生，必挈置数子坐于游、夏之位。若使玄辈解释不足为师，要得圣人复生，如周公、夫子亲授微旨，然后为学。是则圣人不生，终不为学；假使圣人复生，即亦随而猾之矣。此则不学之徒，好出大言，欺乱常人耳。自汉已降，其有国者成败废兴，事业踪迹，一二亿万，青黄白黑，据实控有，皆可图画，考其来由，裁其短长，十得四五，足以应当时之务矣。不似古人穷天凿玄，蹑于无踪，算于忽微，然后能为学也。故曰，生百代之下，未必为不幸也。

夫子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉。”此乃随所见闻，能不亡失而思念至也。楚王问萍实④，对曰：“吾往年闻童谣而知之。”此乃以童子为师耳。参之于上古，复酌于见闻，乃能为圣人也。诸葛孔明曰：“诸公读书，乃欲为博士耳。”此乃盖滞于所见，不知适变，名为腐儒，亦学者之一病。

仆自元和已来，以至今日，其所见闻名公才人之所论讨，典刑制度，征伐叛乱，考其当时，参于前古，能不忘失而思念，亦可以为一家事业矣。但随见随忘，随闻随废，轻目重耳之过，此亦学者之一病也。如足下天与之性，万万与仆相远。仆自知顽滞不能苦心为学假使能学之亦不能出而施之恳恳欲成足下之美异日既受足下之教于一官一局而无过失而已。自古未有不学而能垂名于后代者，足下勉之。

（选自《樊川文集》，有删节）

【注】①使君：对州郡长官的尊称。李使君，即李方玄，杜牧好友，时任池州刺史。②缪：通“谬”。③郑玄：字康成，东汉人，师从马融，遍注五经，为古文经学大家。④萍实：南方池泽中常生蓬草的果实。

【1】对下列句子中加点词语的解释，不正确的一项是

A．自然不敢以辈流间期足下也 期：期待。

B．真可惜也 可惜：令人惋惜。

C．使圣人微旨不传 微：精深微妙。

D．参之于上古 参：检验。

【2】下列各组句子中，加点词的意义和用法相同的一组是

A．饰以温慎 举以予人

B．向者仆之期足下之心 儿之成，则可待乎

C．其有国者成败废兴 其远而无所至极耶

D．能不亡失而思念至也 吾尝终日而思矣

【3】下列对原文有关内容的概括与赏析，不正确的一项是

A．作者对非议郑玄等人且否定古注的“今之言者”深表不满，对这些不学之徒好出大

言、扰乱治学的不良学风更以“欺乱”斥之。

B．作者提倡以据实控有的态度去对待历史上的成败兴废、事业踪迹，厘清因果，比较

优劣，这样“足以应当时之务”达到经世致用的目的。

C．作者认为自己在学问上虽可成就一家之事业，但还是不同程度上存在着轻目重耳，

拘泥于所见而不知适应变化的弊病。

D．作者在这封书信中对同龄友人推许鼓励，倾吐怀抱，笔端流露真情；谈论治学之道，眼界开阔，见解精辟，语言洁净简要。

【4】用“/”给文中画波浪线的部分断句。

仆 自 知 顽 滞 不 能 苦 心 为 学 假 使 能 学 之 亦 不 能 出 而 施 之 恳 恳 欲 成 足 下 之 美 异 日 既 受 足 下 之 教 于 一 官 一 局 而 无 过 失 而 已

【5】把文中画线的句子译成现代汉语。

（1）仆以为天资足下有异日名声，迹业光于前后，正在今日，可不勉之！

译文：_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

（2）仆观其所解释，明白完具，虽圣人复生，必挈置数子坐于游、夏之位。

译文：_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

【题目】Predictions of many robots in industry have yet come true. For ten years or more, manufacturers of big robots have explained how their machines can make industry more competitive and productive. The maker for robots is oversupplied now, and the driving force of the robotics revolution is to be with the maker of machines that handle a few kilos at most.

"Heavy-robot manufacturers are in some difficulty finding customers. They are offering big just to get in the door. There has been a growth everywhere in the numbers of robots, so we admit we are either deceiving or that the market is slowly growing，" said John Reekie, chairman of Colen Robotics. "The following things must hap-pen the robotics revolution to occur. We must achieve widespread robot literacy. there has been a computer program, there must be a robot literacy program. ，some kind of artificial intelligence needs to be ”

Colen makes educational robots and machine tools. It is small with companies like ASEA or Fujitsu Fanuc. But Colen with others in departments in universities such as Surrey, Manchester, and Dur-ham possesses an advantage the giants. The big companies sell very expensive to businesses with expert knowledge in automation. The companies make robots for teaching people, and now they have realized that there is a need for small， robots that they can meet.

The little companies either bring their educational machines an industrial standard or design from the start. One technique that they all adopt is to choose (18） components where possible. The major cost of making their models is the electronics, which will fall in price. There is scope for reductions in mechanical costs. The use of standard parts，which are easily replaced, should give these robots a mechanical life of something in the order of five years.

【1】 A. small B. educational C. big D. business

【2】 A. claimed B. called C. thought D. told

【3】 A. to B. with C. over D. in

【4】A. money B. discounts C. prices D. costs

【5】 A. exciting B. encouraging C. satisfying D. disappointing

【6】 A. ourselves B. customers C. companies D. us

【7】 A. to B. for C. in D. with

【8】 A. As if B. Even though C. Just as D. Although

【9】A. custom B. literacy C. poem D. tradition

【10】 A. However B. Finally C. Whereas D. Because

【11】A. capable B. possible C. probable D. available

【12】 A. compared B. comparing C. contrasted D. contrasting

【13】 A. than B. above C. over D. from

【14】 A. took B. robots C. machines D. electronics

【15】 A. other B. big C. little D. robot

【16】 A. expensive B. artificial C. educational D. low-cost

【17】 A. up to B. on C. in D. about

【18】 A. mechanical B. standard C. cheap D. small

【19】 A. much B. many C. both D. some

【20】 A. more B. less C. no D. least

【题目】根据提示完成句子

【1】 Everyone __________ (渴望）success, but not every-one desires to get rich.

【2】 The result of his test seemed to __________ (满意)

【3】 __________ (惊动）the noise, the birds flew away.

【4】 He __________ (赢得同情）of passersby by describing his miserable childhood.

【5】 When returning to his hometown, he was shown around the city __________ (被陪同）his old classmates.

【6】 He heard a voice behind him but when he __________ (转身），he saw nobody.

【7】 The government __________ (宣战）the drug dealers.

【8】 You shouldn't __________ (让 Andy —个人待着）in the mountains； it was very dangerous.

【9】 They opened a single store in Europe __________ (检验）the market.

【10】 Those parents were __________ (赞成）the change.

【题目】How to Make Friends

Friendship is a very important human relationship and everyone needs good friends. Good friendship has many benefits. It offers companionship, improves self-worth and promotes good health. There are times in our lives such as when we have recently moved into a new town, or changed our jobs or schools. Such changes often leaves us without a friend ______. But for many of us the process is difficult and requires courage. Below are some helpful suggestions on how to make and keep friends.

【1】 Associate with others.

The first step to making friends is associating with other people. You can go to public places to meet new people. Besides, you will need to make yourself known by becoming an active member of such places.

【2】Start a conversation

Starting a conversation is the second most important step in making new friends.______ You can always start the conversation. Being able to make small talk is a very useful skill in relating with other people.

【3】______

Choosing friends with common interests is important in building friendship as these interests would always bring you and your friend together, Hanging out will always be a pleasant experience.

【4】 Let it grow.

It is a good thing to stay in touch. However, try not to press your new friend with calls, messages or visits as this would likely wear him or her out and finally you may lose your friend. ______. The best friendships are the ones that grow naturally.

【5】 Enjoy your friendship

The best way to enjoy your friendship is to allow your friends to be themselves.______ Try not to change them from who they are to what you want them to be. Become the kind of friend you will want your friend to be to you.

A. Be cheerful.

B. Do things together.

C. Do not wait to be spoken to.

D. Try not to find fault with your friends.

E. Making new friends comes easy for some people.

F. For a friendship to develop you need to stay in touch.

G. So you will need to give your friend time to react to you.

【题目】下列加点词“固”的意义与例句不相同的一项是（ ）

例句：卒买鱼烹食，得鱼腹中书，固以怪之矣

A．临不测之渊以为固

B．沛公默然，曰：“固不如也。”

C．吾固知公子之还也

D．人固有一死，或重于泰山，或轻于鸿毛

【题目】It’s been a week after we left your family and we are now 【1】______

back home. Thank you very much for showing them around 【2】_____

your city and providing us for the wonderful meals. After 【3】______

we said goodbye to you, we went to Washington D.C., 【4】______

where we stayed for three days. My brother was so much fond 【5】______

of the museums there that he begged to staying 【6】______

another couple of day. However, my father had to return to 【7】______

work on Monday so we fly back last Saturday afternoon. It 【8】______

was really a nice experience. If you’d like to make trip to 【9】______

our city some day, I will be better than happy to be your guide. 【10】______

Yours

Mike