4．　 对文章组织结构的理解。最常见的提问方式是：How is the passage organized?；Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?

　　 在上述几类题中考生感觉难做的题是第四类, 这类题是近两年来出现的主要考查议论文结构的命题新方式,且逐步得到语言教育专家们的认可。并逐步推广到对其他文体结构的考查。分析这一类的题我们看出：对文章组织结构的考查不外乎两个层次。一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，一是按写作方法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。

　　 首先，看看这样考查从段落层次理解文章的结构。这类题经常用到的提问方式是：Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? 常见的段落结构有如下几种情况：

　　　 ①　　　　　 ①　　　　　　　　 ①　　　　　　　　 ①　　

②　　　　　　 ②　 ③　　　　　 ② ③ ④

　　　　　　　　　 ④

　　 ③　　 ④

　　　　 ⑤　　　　　 ⑤　　　　　　　 ⑤　　　　　　 ②③④⑤

　　　 图1　　　　　 图2　 　　　　　　图4　　　　　　　 图5

图1表明：①(Paragraph 1)是主题段(提出论题或论点)，②、③段是就同一论据或者问题的同一方面作论述，④用另一论据材料或者从问题的另一方面论述，⑤段是结论段或者是用来重述论题、强调论点的段落。同样我们很容易理解图2、3、4所示的段落结构的意义。

下面具体看看05年江苏卷E篇：

The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before changes for the better, changes for the worse, changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger .Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.

　　　 Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe, it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology in the application of science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life.

　　　 The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science-a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied science-a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.

　　　 Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons, Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals.

　　　 William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn(纱线), good and ill together. “The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities-science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war?

3．　 对段落大意或段落作用的理解。最常见的提问方式是：The last paragraph mainly tell us that … …; The purpose of writing Paragraph … is …. ….

2．　 对句子意义或作用的理解。最常见的提问方式是：The sentence “… …” in paragraph … means ….; The example of … … in para….is used to illustrate/show … ….

1．　 确定指代关系。最常见的提问方式是：The underlined word “they/it/…” in paragraph… refers to… …

53． It can be inferred from the text that________.

A.　　 the homeles are willing to live under a bridge or in a cardboard box

B.　　　 you will not find homeless people in countries with a high standard of living

C.　　　 the mentally ill live on the stress becausethey want the company of other homeless people

D.　　 the unemployed who receive help may still be among the homeless

第五节 篇章结构题解题技巧

　　 对《考试大纲》中提出的理解文章的基本结构的要求，往往通过篇章结构题来考查。考生要学会把握文章的脉络，理解段落层次之间的关系，弄清作者的写作方法。英语的文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章的开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，主题句根据段落的写作手法的不同可能在段落的开头，也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。段与段之间常用词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯，逻辑严密。为突出主题作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。高考对这类题型的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：

63． Why did Kerrel write the passage?

　 A. To tell people about the sufferings of her father.

　 B. To show how little people knew about AIDS.

　 C. To draw people’s attention to AIDS.

　 D. To remembered her father.

[实战演练练习十二](06 陕西卷D篇)

　 In many countries the standard of living enjoyed by their peole has increased rapidly in recent years.　 Sadly,not everyone in these coyntries is so fortunate and many people in rich contries are homeless.

　 The reasons for homelessness are various, but poverty(贫穷)is undoubtedly one of the main causes.　 The homeless people may have become jobless and then been unable to pay their rent and so no longer have a roof over their heads.　 Often, the fact that unemployed people get help from the government prevents this from happening, but not always.

　 Some homeless people are mentally ill and have no one to look after them.　 Some are young people who, for one reason or another , have left home and have nowhere to live.　 Many of them have had a serious disagreement with their parents and have left home, choosing to go to a city and live on the streets.　 Sometimes they have taken such action because they have been unable to get on with a step-parent.

　 Many homeless people get into the habit of begging to get enough money to stay alive, but many of the general public tefuse to give anything to beggars.　 Often they are moved on by the police, being accused (指控)，whether rightly or wrongly, of forceful begging .　 There are many who disrespect homeles people.

　 Some cynics(愤世嫉俗的人)declare that homeless people choose to live the life which they lead.　 But who would willingly choose to live in z shop doorway, under a bridger or in a cardboard box?

60．By writing the text, the author questions 　　　　　.

A．the difficulty level of the science texts　 B．the way science is taught in school

C．the achievements of famous scientists　　 D．students’ poor records in science classes

[实战演练练习十一](06 北京卷B篇)

I was 9 years old when I found out my father was ill. It was 1994, but I can remember my mother’s words as if it were yesterday: “Kerrel, I don’t want you to take food from your father, because he has AIDS. Be very careful when you are around him.”

AIDS wasn’t something we talked about in my country when I was growing up. From then on, I knew that this would be a family secret. My parents were not together anymore, and my dad lived alone. For a while, he could take care of himself. But when I was 12, his condition worsened. My father’s other children lived far away, so it fell to me to look after him.

We couldn’t afford all the necessary medication for him, and because Dad was unable to work, I had no money for school supplies and often couldn’t even buy food for dinner. I would sit in class feeling completely lost, the teacher’s words muffled as I tried to figure out how I was going to manage.

I did not share my burden (负担) with anyone. I had seen how people reacted to AIDS. Kids laughed at classmates who had parents with the disease. And even adults could be cruel. When my father was moved to the hospital, the nurses would leave his food on the bedside table even though he was too weak to feed himself.

I had known that he was going to die, but after so many years of keeping his condition a secret. I was completely unprepared when he reached his final days. Sad and hopeless, I called a woman at the nonprofit National AIDS Support. That day, she kept me on the phone for hours. I was so lucky to find someone who cared. She saved my life.

I was 15 when my father died. He took his secret away with him, having never spoken about AIDS to anyone, even me. He didn’t want to call attention to AIDS. I do.

59．From the passage, we can conclude that __________.

　　　 A．people will no longer consider building materials in the future

　　　 B．energy-saving buildings will become more popular in the future

　　　 C．almost all people will move into the houses heated by large rocks

D．energy engineers will devote themselves only to modern technology

[实战演练练习十](05 全国卷Ⅲ　 E 篇)

　　　 Last year my sixth-grader daughter, Elizabeth, was forced to put up with science. Her education, week after week ,contained mindless memorization of big words like “batholith” and “saprophyte”. She learned by heart the achievements of famous scientists who did things like “improved nuclear fusion(核聚变)” -never mind that she hasn’t the least idea of what nuclear fusion means .Elizabeth did very well (she’s good at memorizing things). And now she hates science. My eighth-grader son, Ben, also suffered from science education. Week after week he had to perform lab experiments with answers already known .Ben figured out how to guess the right answers, so he got good grades. Now he hates science, too.

　　　 Science can provide an exciting way to develop children’s curiosity .Science education should teach ways to ask questions and seek answers. But my children got the mistaken idea in school that science is difficult, dull and has no relation to their everyday interests.

　　　 As a physicist, I am saddened and angered to see “the great science turn off” I know that science is important in our lives. Yet studies prove that our schools are turning out millions of graduates who know almost nothing about and have almost no interest in science. What’s gone wrong? Who is to blame?

64．It can be inferred from the text that the Canadian government supports _____.

　　　 A．the protection of different cultures　　　　 B．the plan of an open-air market

　　　 C．the request of merchants 　　　　　　　　　　 D．the attitude of shoppers

[实战演练练习九](05 辽宁卷 A 篇)

When building houses, people used to think about not only the climate of the areas but also the building materials and the fashions for their houses. However, since electricity became more and more expensive, people began to pay much more attention to the energy they could get for their houses and the new ways they could find to protect their houses from both cold and heat.

Now, houses of an old yet new type have been widely built. In some parts of the world, people share their houses with their livestock(家畜).During cold weather, they gather their cows, goats, or other animals and keep them on the first floor of their houses. The reasons are that the animals can be protected from the cold and that they can help to heat the houses as well. The body heat given off by the animals rises to the second floor of the houses, where people live. By sharing their houses with their livestock, people gain a source of heat.

People who live in or near cities do not usually keep livestock. However, home builders use the fact that heat rises. This natural law can be used in building houses in these areas. Instead of keeping livestock on the first floor, builders fill it with large rocks. As they are open to the sun’s rays during cold weather, these rocks take in heat. They also give off the heat, and, of course, the warm air rises into the living areas of the houses. So these houses are energy-saving.

House-building becomes a great challenge(挑战)to building designers and energy engineers. They try to meet this challenge by learning from old traditions and by using modern technology. And someday in the future, people will be able to live in more energy-saving houses.

75．Which point of view may the author agree to?

　　　 A．Every effort should be paid back.

　　　 B．Competition should be encouraged.

　　　 C．Winning should be a life-and-death matter.

　　　 D．Fear of failure should be removed in competition.

解析：文章结构清晰，第一段首句揭示主题：Opinions about competition are different among people. 第二段作者通过生活中的观察发现：Many children are lost in the desire to succeed. 并表明自己的看法：In their single-minded pursuit ( 追求)of success , the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten .(在他们对成功追求的简单心态下，许多其他的品德的发展被可悲地遗忘了。)第三段第一句用到表转折的副词however，其后呈现段落主题句：while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed , others take an opposite attitude .接下来，作者分析了两种不同态度的实质：Both are based on the mistaken belief that one’s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others . Both are afraid of not being valued .最后作者表明自己的观点：Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve (缓解) can we discover a new meaning in competition .分析各个段落的主题，我们不难得出文章的中心思想：只有消除竞争中的畏惧心理，我们才能发现竞争的意义。75题是一道推理题，要求我们推断作者的观点态度，分析文章的结构，结合文章的主题，我们不难推断出：D 为正确答案。

[实战演练练习八](05 山东卷 B 篇)

Fidenzio Salvatori is determined that the city of Toronto will have an outdoor marketplace for merchants from its immigrant community, complete with dancing and other forms of amusement from their native countries. “Toronto is truly multicultural(多元文化的),” he said in a newspaper interview. “It’s a city from many places, and a multicultural marketplace will help Torontonians to understand and appreciate the rich variety of cultural groups in our city.”

Salvatori, aged 23, will soon complete his studies at the University of Toronto. He was eleven years old when he came to Canada from Italy with his parents. “Most of Toronto’s immigrants are from lands where the marketplace has always been part of daily life,” he said.

Salvatori has been interested in getting an open-air market for Toronto for the last three years. This year, with the help of two fellow students, he prepared a proposal on the subject and presented it to the city’s Executive Committee, asking for their support. The proposal pointed out Toronto’s rich variety of national groups, “whose customs include market shopping.”

Under a Canadian government program for multiculturalism, the three students have received tow thousand dollars with which they will do a study to find out whether Toronto’s immigrant businessmen would support an open-air market. They hope the merchants will support the plan strongly. “A study done earlier this year showed that 90 percent of shoppers would be in favor of it,” Salvatori said. “At first it would be an experiment. But we think it will prove to be good business for the merchants, as well as a tourist attraction.”