2．参考词汇：捐赠donate。
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2
Tuberculosis(TB，肺结核)killed 1,300,000 people around the world in 2007.In addition，almost half a million people who were infected with tuberculosis and with HIV also died.Those were listed as HIV deaths.
About onethird of all people are infected with tuberculosis.But the body’s natural defenses are usually strong enough to prevent an active case.Even so，the bacteria remain in the body.If the immune system weakens at any point，they begin to spread and then attack.
The bacteria that cause TB usually settle in the lungs.They spread through the air when the person coughs or even sings and talks.
One of the most important things is to identify cases quickly.The patients need to be kept away from other people and begin treatment as soon as possible.
Multidrug resistant tuberculosis(耐多药肺结核)，or MDRTB，will not get better with antibiotics(抗生素)normally used for tuberculosis.So doctors must use stronger, “second line” drugs when the first ones fail.
Now，researchers say they have found a much faster way to identify drugresistant TB.The study’s lead author is Graham Hatfull at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania.
The scientists used viruses called bacteriophages(噬菌体)to speed the process.These viruses attack bacteria.The researchers injected them with a gene that produces green light.They also injected some with first line antibiotics and others with second line drugs.
Then they combined the bacteriophages with TB bacteria.If the bacteria produces green light，it means they are drugresistant.The researchers say a clinic worker could identify the green light with equipment easy to get in many clinics.Test results would not have to wait for the bacteria to grow in a laboratory far away.For now，the test itself needs more testing.But Professor Hatfull is hopeful this will take months and not years.
Title：1.Tuberculosis
|
The
2.number of people infected with TB |
Onethird
of people around the world |
|
When
to begin to spread and attack |
When the immune system 3.weakens |
|
Where bacteria 4．causing TB usually settle |
In
the lungs |
|
How
to 5．spread |
Through
the air |
|
6.Measures |
7.Identifying
cases quickly |
|
Keeping the 8.patients
away from other people |
|
|
Beginning 9.treatment
as soon as possible |
|
|
Using
10.stronger，“second line” drugs to treat MDRTB |
3
From the beginning of human history，people have used oils from seeds and nuts.Most of the time these oils are used as food，especially in cooking.But sometimes they have other uses.For example，oils are used in paint and in cleaning products like soap.
Oils are separated from seeds by using pressure.A machine called a press is often used.
The first step in pressing the oil from seeds is to crush the seeds between two stones.The crushed seeds are then put into a cloth bag and the bag is hung up.Some of the oil will flow out of the bag and can be collected.
But some oils will remain in the crushed seeds inside the bag.The easiest way to get the rest of the oil out is to place heavy rocks on the crushed material.
Another method is to place several cloth bags on top of each other in a box.Then a long wooden stick is used to slowly push a heavy cover down on the bags.Great pressure is produced in this way.Much greater pressure can be produced by using a machine，a hydraulic jack(液压千斤顶)．The greater the pressure is，the more oils will be produced.
Small presses are important in areas where electricity or gasoline cannot be used.They are also a good way to test if a local market for oils exists.
Small batch presses can be made of local materials.Their cost is low.They are not difficult to operate.And they are easy to repair.The small presses produce good quality oils.But the work is hard.And getting all the oil from the seeds can be difficult.
If there is a large supply of seeds，then handoperated presses may not be enough to support a business.Large powered presses that can operate all day are needed.
|
Title |
How to 1.Take/Separate/Press/Get Oils from Seeds |
|
2.Uses/Usages of oils |
People
use oils when they cook meals，paint pictures and clean objects. |
|
Method
1 |
●Crush the seeds between two stones
and then put them into a cloth bag. ●3.Hang the cloth bag up.Some of the oil will flow out of the bag. ●The 4.remaining oil in the seeds can be got by putting more heavy rocks on them. |
|
Method
2 |
●A box is used to 5.contain
several bags of seeds. ●Place a heavy cover on the bags. ●Use a long wooden stick to push the cover slowly. ●The 6.amount/quantity of oils relies on the pressure placed on the bags. |
|
Small batch presses |
●They are at a low 7.price. ●They are easy to operate and repair. ●They can be used in areas 8.short/lack of electricity or gasoline. ●They can be operated by hand very conveniently. ●They can produce good quality oils. |
|
Large 9.Powered presses |
●It is easy to get all the oil
from the seeds. ●They can 10.deal/do with a large supply of seeds and support a business. ●They can run all day. |
During
Christmas break from college, a young man wanted to borrow his father’s car to drive to a New Year’s Eve 1 to be held in Vermont. The father was 2 about the son hitting one of the roadblocks
that people set up all over the place on New Year’s Eve. The 3 that was reached was that the son would be
allowed to use the car, but he would not drink at all.