摘要：2．24.3%
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24、家庭厨房就是一个化学小世界，包含着许多化学知识，回答下列问题：
（1）大米、面粉的主要成分都是
（2）茶叶、肉松、膨化食品等常采用真空或充气包装，所充入的气体可能是
（3）味精是烹制菜肴的调味品，味精的鲜味与溶液的酸碱度有关，当pH为6～7时鲜味最强；味精的鲜味还与温度有关，其水溶液经120℃以上长时间加热，不仅鲜味消失，而且生成对人体有害的焦谷氨酸钠．据此，下列认识不正确的是
A．谷氨酸钠在加热条件下生成焦谷氨酸钠是物理变化
B．菜烧熟起锅后再放味精比炒菜过程中加入味精更有利于人体健康
C．加入味精时，应避免在酸性或碱性较强的条件下使用
（4）若锅里的油着火了，可采取的灭火措施是
若要用蔗糖配制蔗糖水，为使蔗糖尽快溶解，说出两种可采取的方法：①
（5）家用煤炉中的蜂窝煤有12孔、14孔，甚至16孔等多个品种，你认为孔道越
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（1）大米、面粉的主要成分都是
淀粉
，食盐的主要成分是氯化钠
．（2）茶叶、肉松、膨化食品等常采用真空或充气包装，所充入的气体可能是
氮气、二氧化碳等
．（3）味精是烹制菜肴的调味品，味精的鲜味与溶液的酸碱度有关，当pH为6～7时鲜味最强；味精的鲜味还与温度有关，其水溶液经120℃以上长时间加热，不仅鲜味消失，而且生成对人体有害的焦谷氨酸钠．据此，下列认识不正确的是
A
（填字母）．A．谷氨酸钠在加热条件下生成焦谷氨酸钠是物理变化
B．菜烧熟起锅后再放味精比炒菜过程中加入味精更有利于人体健康
C．加入味精时，应避免在酸性或碱性较强的条件下使用
（4）若锅里的油着火了，可采取的灭火措施是
盖上锅盖
，其灭火的原理是隔绝空气
；若要用蔗糖配制蔗糖水，为使蔗糖尽快溶解，说出两种可采取的方法：①
搅拌
、②升温
；若要除去保温瓶内胆中的水垢，选用厨房中的食醋
；（5）家用煤炉中的蜂窝煤有12孔、14孔，甚至16孔等多个品种，你认为孔道越
多
（填多、少）燃烧越充分．理由是可燃物与氧气接触面积越大，燃烧越充分
．
24、（1）指出下列属于溶液的溶液中的溶质和溶剂：A、水银；B、碘酒；C、氯化钠注射液
溶质：
碘，氯化钠
，溶剂：酒精，水
．（2）在餐桌上，当我们发现某种汤很淡时，通常的做法是
加盐
．这个过程中一定不变的是A
，一定变大的是BCD
．（请填下列选项中的字母）A、水的质量；B、汤的质量；C、盐的质量；D、盐的质量分数
（3）用400g溶质质量分数为40%的氢氧化钠溶液，配制成溶质质量分数为16%的氢氧化钠溶液，需要加入水的质量是
600g
．（4）如图所示，充满空气的集气瓶的瓶塞上同时插有一支盛有水的小试管和一支U形管．向小试管里加入一定量氢氧化钠固体，则U形管内液面变化情况是
左侧液面下降，右侧液面上升
；原因是
氢氧化钠溶于水放出热量，使集气瓶内气体温度升高，压强增大
．24、下表是部分元素的原子结构示意图、主要化合价等信息
请完成以下填空：
（1）与铝原子的最外层电子数相同的原子是
（2）核电荷数为11元素形成的离子符号是
（3）原子序数为12和16的元素组成化合物的化学式
（4）请你总结出此表中的原子结构与元素化合价或周期数的关系
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请完成以下填空：
（1）与铝原子的最外层电子数相同的原子是
B
（填元素符号）．（2）核电荷数为11元素形成的离子符号是
Na+
；其氧化物化学式是Na2O
．（3）原子序数为12和16的元素组成化合物的化学式
MgS
．（4）请你总结出此表中的原子结构与元素化合价或周期数的关系
原子的电子层数等于周期数（其他合理答案也给分）
（任写一条）．（1）24.5克H2SO4的物质的量是______mol，
（2）11克CO2的物质的量是______mol，
（3）2.5molNa2CO3的质量是______g，
（4）1.5molH2O的质量是______g；
（5）1.806×1023个CO2的质量为______g，
（6）9.03×1023个H2SO4的质量为______g，
（7）49g硫酸中含有______个氧原子，
（8）48g甲烷中含有______个氢原子；
（9）某混合物由NaCl、MgCl2、AlCl3组成，已知Na、Mg、Al三元素的质量之比23：16：9，则NaCl、MgCl2和AlCl3物质的量之比为______．
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（2）11克CO2的物质的量是______mol，
（3）2.5molNa2CO3的质量是______g，
（4）1.5molH2O的质量是______g；
（5）1.806×1023个CO2的质量为______g，
（6）9.03×1023个H2SO4的质量为______g，
（7）49g硫酸中含有______个氧原子，
（8）48g甲烷中含有______个氢原子；
（9）某混合物由NaCl、MgCl2、AlCl3组成，已知Na、Mg、Al三元素的质量之比23：16：9，则NaCl、MgCl2和AlCl3物质的量之比为______．
完型填空（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
"Hey, Tahlia! How's the model?"
I had just taken a bite of my hot dog __21__ I heard a familiar voice yelling at me from across the crowded school yard. I saw a group of popular girls who were all __22__.
"What kind of __23_ are you going to do? An ad for a Frankenstein movie?" More laughter. My stomach twisted into a tight knot. How could they humiliate (羞辱) me like this, __24__ the entire school? As I walked into the cafeteria, I __25__ the dark scars on my right hand.
At 9 months old, I knocked over a tea pot and dumped boiling water allover my hands and stomach. My parents __26__ me to the hospital, but I had to have skin graft (移植) operation. I was in so much pain! But what __27__ me most were the cruel things people said about how I looked, __28__ that day at lunch.
The girls were being supermean to me because they'd heard I was considering doing some modeling. A close friend had suggested that I shouldn't let my scars limit me and that I might __29__ a good model.
But after that __30__ at school, I was sure I'd made a huge mistake. Upon arriving home, I covered the mirror with a blanket, fell on my bed and sobbed.
The next day, I __31__ myself to go to school. At lunch my best friend Jesse tried to encourage me: "You can't __32_ forever, Tahlia. So what if you have a few scars? Just go outside and show them that you're just as good as they are." Although I knew he was right, I couldn’t __33__ standing up for myself like that.
However, that night as I sat on the bed, my friend's words replayed in my mind. I'm __34__ hiding from myself, I thought. How stupid! Slowly, I stood up, walked over to the __35__, and tossed the blanket aside. There, in the mirror I saw a slim, dark-haired, blue-eyed girl, looking just fine, __36__ with a few scars.
The next day I wore a comfortable T-shirt to school. What's more, I had lunch outside the cafeteria, __37__ beside those mean girls. They were shocked that I should dare to walk into their territory. I felt __38_ too—free and happy.
Sometimes people still look at me strangely. They __39_ and stare, but I don't let it get to me. I have applied to several modeling companies, and at least one company is considering me for jobs. Maybe I'll never __40_ posing on the runway, but I do know one thing: I'm done.
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阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
"Hey, Tahlia! How's the model?"
I had just taken a bite of my hot dog __21__ I heard a familiar voice yelling at me from across the crowded school yard. I saw a group of popular girls who were all __22__.
"What kind of __23_ are you going to do? An ad for a Frankenstein movie?" More laughter. My stomach twisted into a tight knot. How could they humiliate (羞辱) me like this, __24__ the entire school? As I walked into the cafeteria, I __25__ the dark scars on my right hand.
At 9 months old, I knocked over a tea pot and dumped boiling water allover my hands and stomach. My parents __26__ me to the hospital, but I had to have skin graft (移植) operation. I was in so much pain! But what __27__ me most were the cruel things people said about how I looked, __28__ that day at lunch.
The girls were being supermean to me because they'd heard I was considering doing some modeling. A close friend had suggested that I shouldn't let my scars limit me and that I might __29__ a good model.
But after that __30__ at school, I was sure I'd made a huge mistake. Upon arriving home, I covered the mirror with a blanket, fell on my bed and sobbed.
The next day, I __31__ myself to go to school. At lunch my best friend Jesse tried to encourage me: "You can't __32_ forever, Tahlia. So what if you have a few scars? Just go outside and show them that you're just as good as they are." Although I knew he was right, I couldn’t __33__ standing up for myself like that.
However, that night as I sat on the bed, my friend's words replayed in my mind. I'm __34__ hiding from myself, I thought. How stupid! Slowly, I stood up, walked over to the __35__, and tossed the blanket aside. There, in the mirror I saw a slim, dark-haired, blue-eyed girl, looking just fine, __36__ with a few scars.
The next day I wore a comfortable T-shirt to school. What's more, I had lunch outside the cafeteria, __37__ beside those mean girls. They were shocked that I should dare to walk into their territory. I felt __38_ too—free and happy.
Sometimes people still look at me strangely. They __39_ and stare, but I don't let it get to me. I have applied to several modeling companies, and at least one company is considering me for jobs. Maybe I'll never __40_ posing on the runway, but I do know one thing: I'm done.
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