Environmental health is defined as the control of the factors (因素) in the environment that may have harmful effects on people’s physical, mental, or social well-being (安乐). Because natural disasters expose people to danger by bringing up or threatening their immediate environment, effective management of environmental health after a natural disaster is of great importance.

The environmental health measures that must be considered after a natural disaster include the supply of appropriate shelter for individuals or groups of people left homeless, the distribution (分配) of safe and accessible water, and the protection and distribution of safe food products and so on.

To effectively manage environmental health during and after a disaster, it is important that a state of preparation is in effect before the event actually occurs. During an emergency, success largely depends on making good, rapid judgment and appropriate response measures. High-level decision makers, therefore, must be familiar with sound measures beforehand and should be given an accurate judgment of the disaster’s specific effects as quickly as possible.

This book is intended to serve as a guide for those who may be called upon to make emergency decisions after disaster strikes. The recommended environmental health measures have been listed in the order of priority in which they should be taken during an emergency. However, each natural disaster is unique in the degree or type of emergency. In response to any given disaster, decision makers may find it necessary to change the priority assigned to any particular measure.

1.The first paragraph is mainly to _____.

2.In order to effectively cope with the emergency, the most important is that _____.

3.We can’t do just as the recommended environmental health measures because _____.

4.The best title of this passage should be _____.

Last January I was given a chance to work in another country. At first, I lived a  36  life, but soon I met a group of new friends and they were really nice.

Then something  37  happened. One of our friends suffered from kidney stones (肾结石), which had to be   38   surgically as soon as possible. But it was not as   39   as that! Our friend could not  40  the operation, which put him into deep  41 . I didn’t know how to help him because I didn’t have any money either.  42 , I never lost hope. Instead I tried to think of other  43  and told him not to worry because everything would be all right.

Before I left the hospital, I talked to the surgeon and asked him to do the surgery, saying I would pay the expenses the next day  44  I had that kind of money. Well, I must have been 45  because the surgeon agreed to do it! But how was I going to get that much money?

All I knew was that I needed to help my friend! Although it could be  46  to deal with this kind of situation, I decided to make some efforts. I tried to borrow money but failed. I tried  47  my things but no one wanted them. Then I had the idea of talking to my  48 . I asked him if I could have my next two months’ salary in advance—without even thinking on how I would  49  for two months with no money. He was surprised and asked me the reason. I told him that I had a friend who was really in need.  50  I convinced him too and then he gave my two months’ salary without any  51 !

Upon getting the money, I ran to the hospital and paid all the bills. My friend didn’t know how to thank me. I just said, “Come on! Give me a  52 !”

Friendship may not only be found at the happy moment but sometimes you can find it on the  53  time in your life! I’ve done a good thing by being a (an)  54  friend and I think it is well worth the  55 .

1.A. private       B. lonely   C. colorful          D. normal

2.A. strange       B. wrong          C. unexpected        D. unfair

3.A. removed           B. reduced        C. examined          D. lifted

4.A. terrible      B. painful  C. simple   D. special

5.A. stand B. consider             C. perform         D.      afford

6.A. anxiety       B. confusion           C. embarrassment     D.      dissatisfaction

7.A. Thus  B. Otherwise  C. However       D.      Therefore

8.A. reasons      B. options       C. symptoms      D. expectations

9.A. even if        B. as if   C. so that      D. in case

10.A. encouraging     B. annoying      C. astonishing    D. convincing

11.A. challenging       B. disturbing     C. amazing             D. scaring

12.A. saving       B. handling            C. donating     D. selling

13.A. colleague          B. relative              C. boss          D. surgeon

14.A. adapt        B. survive      C. continue      D. wander

15.A. Luckily     B. Slightly     C. Constantly  D. Occasionally

16.A. analysis    B. dignity           C. hesitation     D. remark

17.A. Favor       B. hug      C. promise     D. reply

18.A. best          B. longest           C. strangest     D. toughest

19.A. supportive        B. sensitive            C. aggressive     D. attentive

20.A. tolerance          B. sympathy   C. pressure      D. effort

  Things similar continuously happened in Haiti and Chile．Thousands of people were

buried in the earthquake and lost their fives．What if we could have warned them? People are always trying hard to find a way of preventing building collapsing(坍塌)．Better materials and technology help，but are not a solution．Just like humans，a building has its own life circle from  “birth” to “death”．If we know when a building is going to collapse，we can repair it in advance or get out before it falls．

    Now, scientists at the University of Illinois have developed a material that turns red before it breaks．The invention could be used in things like climbing ropes，or bridge supports．The secret behind the color-changing material is a type of molecule(分子)．A molecule is a group of atoms held together by chemical bonds(化学键)．Imagine you and your friends standing in a circle，holding hands．Each person stands for one atom，your hands represent the bonds，and the entire circle represents a molecule．If one person lets go of his or her hands，the molecule changes color．The research team put the molecule into a soft material．When the researchers stretched(拉长) the material：it turned bright red a few seconds before it broke into two pieces．

When they repeatedly stretched and relaxed the material，without breaking it，it only turned a little red．

The major problem is，light can get rid of the red color．When the team shone a bright light on the molecule，the broken bond was fixed，and the color disappeared．If bright fight keeps the red color from appearing，the material’s warning system will be useless．Scientists still have a lot of work to do before the color-changing molecule can be used outside the lab．

The passage mainly about

A. a way of preventing building from breaking down

B. a series of earthquakes in Haiti and Chile

C. a way of warning before buildings collapse

D. a newly-discovered structure of a molecule

According to the passage，we can conclude that

A．there are problems to solve before putting the new material to use

B．scientists have found the life circle of buildings from “birth” to “death”

C．bright fight makes the red color visible to human eyes

D．the new material is unlikely to be used in building bridges

The color-changing molecule can

A．make building materials much stronger

B．help building materials get stretched if necessary

C．prevent the earthquake from killing people

D．remind people to leave buildings before they fall

The warning system is based on the fact that

A．red color won’t show up when it meets bright fight

B．a material with a certain type of molecule Can turn red when stretched etched

C．a building has its own life circle of “birth” to “death”

D．the broken bond will fix itself when a molecule meets bright fight

About a week ago, my 4­year­old cousin and I were playing basketball at our local park. The__31__was warm, and many other children were outside__32__. As we played, I noticed a small group of boys__33__a smaller, skinnier, and possibly younger boy. They were calling him names and__34__pushed him to the ground and__35__dirt in his face. When I saw that, I grabbed my__36__by the hand and walked over to the__37__.

I stepped__38__them and the younger boy, and asked them__39__what this boy had done deserved__40__they were doing to him. They all__41__silently for a moment, and then the most amazing thing __42__：one of the boys who hadn't said anything since I__43__stepped around the younger boy and helped him off the__44__and then apologized. He offered to let him play with them，__45__the boy quietly said “thank you” and refused, and then left there.

As I looked around, I__46__that there were dozens of other people at the park—some of them were__47__with children of their own—but no one else had stopped to help this boy. I felt__48__that the one of the boys was brave enough to stand up against his friends to help someone__49__， but I felt sad that no one else had even taken a second__50__. I couldn't help but think that those parents at the park would want someone to help their child in that situation, and yet they did nothing but stood by.

Chinese painters---Cao Wu and Yuan Wu---will also exhibit their works that feature Chinese    elements(元素), ________ those of Northeast China.

A．in advance        B．in need           C．in general         D．in particular