[1] Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior. One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards.

[2] They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game, which is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players, at a cost to the punisher. The most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least. And the more a group punished itself,                  . The group with the most punishment earned twenty-five percent less than the group with the least punishment.

[3] The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children were ages two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children were ages five to nine. The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not. The study says the IQs — or intelligence quotients — of the younger children who were not spanked (打屁股) were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points.

[4] Murray Strauss from the University of New Hampshire worked with Mallie Paschall from the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development is. He also looked at average IQs in other nations and found them lower where spanking was more common.

1. What is the best title of the passage? (no more than 10 words)

2.Which sentence in the text is the closest in meaning to the following one?

Compared to the children's IQs whose parents use physical punishment, the result of those whose parents don't is 5 points higher.

3.Fill in the blank in paragraph 2 with proper words. (no more than 5 words)

4. List three facts that lead to the most successful behavior in paragraph 2. (no more than 8 words)

5.Translate the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 into Chinese.

阅读下面的短文，并根据短文后的要求答题（共5小题；每题3分，满分15分）

（1）Around 15 million of us will leave a cup of tea to go cold today while a similar amount will forget where they put the keys to their house or car. Meanwhile, 12 million people will go to the shops only to completely forget what they went for according to research carried out by the National-Lottery.co.uk.

(2) Passwords and chores such as taking food out of the freezer the night before and charging the mobile phone also featured highly on the list. And more than one in ten admits forgetting to buy a lottery ticket which may have cost them a win.

(3) The study also found men are more likely to ___________, even though women generally have more to remember. Busy modern lifestyle, increased workloads and pressures as well as modern technology were to blame for the increase in our levels of forgetfulness.

(4) A National Lottery spokesman said, “The British are more hectic than ever in their work and personal lives and it seems we just have too much to remember for our crowded minds.”

(5) The study found that the technology boom has also played a part, leaving us with more devices than ever before to plug in and charge or take care of.

(6) Despite work pressures it is within the home environment where most things are forgotten, such as credit card payments, children’s school events or food related things.

(7) The study found one in four people have missed an important appointment and nearly one in five have fallen out with a friend over a forgotten date or event. The research also found that despite the number of things people forget only one in four people actually admit to being forgetful.

(8) Women performed much better than men in the report, failing to recall an average of 2.5 things every day compared to 3.5 things for men.

List at least three things that people often forget based on the passage.(within 15 words)

(1) _______________________________________________________________

(2)________________________________________________________________

(3)_______________________________________________________________

Fill in the blank in Paragraph 3 with proper words. (within 5 words)

___________________________________________________________________

Which sentence in this passage is the closest in meaning to the following one?

The researchers discovered that only a quarter of people acknowledge that they have a bad memory even though they forget to do lots of things.

_____________________________________________________________________

What would be the best title for the passage?(within 10 words)

_____________________________________________________________________

Translate the underlined sentence in Paragraph 6 into Chinese.

______________________________________________________________________

    阅读下面的短文，并根据短文后的要求答题。(请注意问题后的词数要求)

      If you are a male and you are reading this, congratulations: you are a survivor. According to statistics, you are more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer than a woman, and nine times more likely to die of AIDS.

      There are many reasons for this. Typically, men take more risks than woman and are more likely to drink and smoke but perhaps more importantly, men don't go to the doctor.

      Gullotta, a professor from a famous medical university, says a healthy man should visit the doctor every year or two. For those over 45 ,it should be at least once a year.

      Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man who had delayed doing anything about his smoker's cough for a year.

       According to a recent survey, 95%of women aged between 15 and early 40s see a doctor

once a year, compared to 70% of men in the same age group.

       "A lot of men think they are absolutely strong."Gullotta says. They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think, "Geez, if it could happen to him,           .

       Then there is the ostrich approach, "some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know," says Dr. Ross Cartmill.

       "Most men get their cars serviced more regularly than they service their bodies," Cartmill says. He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups. Cartmill says "regular check-ups for men would surely place stress on the public purse, but prevention is cheaper in the long run than having to treat the diseases."Besides, the ultimate cost is far greater: it is caned premature death.

76. What is the best tide of the passage? (Please answer within 10 words)

77. Which sentence in the passage is the closest in meaning to the following one?

In his opinion, medical examinations in advance can help solve some common male discases.

78. Please fill in the blank in the sixth paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence. (Please answer within 10 words)

79. Give three suggestions for men to keep healthy. (Please answer within 30 words)

①                                                                 

②                                                                 

③                                                                 

80. Translate the underlined sentence in the last paragraph into Chinese.

阅读下面的短文，并根据短文后的要求答题。（请注意问题后的词数要求）

If you are a male and you are reading this，congratulations：you are a survivor．According to statistics，you are more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer than a woman，and nine times more likely to die of AIDS．

There are many reasons for this．Typically，men take more risks than woman and are more likely to drink and smoke but perhaps more importantly，men don't go to the doctor．

Gullotta，a professor from a famous medical university，says a healthy man should visit the doctor every year or two．For those over 45，it should be at least once a year．

Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man who had delayed doing anything about his smoker's cough for a year．

According to a recent survey，95% of women aged between 15 and early 40s see a doctor once a year，compared to 70%of men in the same age group．

“A lot of men think they are absolutely strong．” Gullotta says．They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think，“Geez，if it could happen to him，________．”

Then there is the ostrich approach，“some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know，” says Dr．Ross Cartmill．

“Most men get their cars serviced more regularly than they service their bodies，” Cartmill says．He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups．Cartmill says “regular check-ups for men would surely place stress on the public purse，but prevention is cheaper in the long run than having to treat the diseases．” Besides，the ultimate cost is far greater：it is called premature death．

1．What is the best title of the passage? （Please answer within 10 words）

2．Which sentence in the passage is the closest in meaning to the following one?

In his opinion，medical examinations in advance can help solve some common male diseases．

3．Please fill in the blank in the sixth paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence．（Please answer within 10 words）

4．Give three suggestions for men to keep healthy．（Please answer within 30 words）

①                                ②                                ③

5．Translate the underlined sentence in the last paragraph into Chinese．