阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A，B，C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

　　At one time, death was considered as the moment when the heart stopped beating and breathing. But scientists now recognize two states of death: clinical death, when breathing and circulation (循环) of the blood have stopped; and biological death, when some important organs, such as the heart, lungs, or brains stopped working. A person in a state of clinical death can return to life, but a person who has reached the biological state of death can't at present. Under normal conditions, the state of clinical death usually lasts for a period of 4 to 6 minutes: blood circulation has stopped, but the cells remain alive until they die of lacking of oxygen. When enough cells of any particular organ have died, the organ itself dies. The most rapidly and seriously damaged cells are the nerve cells. So it is not the stopped heart or the lack of breathing that cause death; rather, it is the death of the brain cells.

　　The primary method that medical experts have used to extend the period of clinical death is artificial chilling(人工冷冻). When the patient's body is chilled to below normal temperature, the cells take longer to die. Using experimental animals, medical experts have extended the period of clinical death from minutes to hours by chilling them below their normal temperatures.

　　Dogs in a state of artificial chilling have reduced their body temperature by more than 30 degrees and returned to life without organ damage after two hours. In contrast, few monkeys survived after only twenty to thirty minutes in the state of clinical death. A monkey's brain is more complicated(复杂) than a dog's . It can summarized by a phrase“the higher the animal, the more sensitive(敏感) it is to damage.”Medical experts are making efforts to explore the time limits of clinical death.

1．From the last paragraph, we can infer that human beings ________.

[　　]

A．are likely to reach biological death quickly

B．are likely to be more sensitive to the organ damage than animals

C．can live forever from now on

D．can extend the period of biological death

2．Clinical death can be considered as ________.

[　　]

A．lack of heartbeat

B．lack of breathing

C．the death of the brain cells

D．lack of heartbeat and breathing

3．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

[　　]

A．If a person stopped breathing, he is in a state of biological death.

B．The state of biological death usually lasts 4 to 6 minutes.

C．The higher the animals are, the more sensitive they are to the brain cells' damage.

D．Under normal conditions, clinical death can lasts for many hours.

4．If an old dead man is returned to life, the writer of the text would probably consider it ________.

[　　]

Everybody is happy as his pay rises. Yet pleasure at your own can disappear if you learn that a fellow worker has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he is known as being lazy, you might even be quite cross. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying belief that other animals would not be able to have this finely developed sense of sadness. But a study by Sarah Brosnan of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

The researchers studied the behaviors of some kind of female brown monkeys. They look smart. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food happily. Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

Such characteristics make them perfect subjects for Doctor Brosnan’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens (奖券) for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for pieces of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate and connected rooms, so that each other could observe what the other is getting in return for its rock, they became quite different.

In the world of monkeys，grapes are excellent goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was not willing to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either shook her own token at the researcher, or refused to accept the cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other room (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to bring about dissatisfaction in a female monkey.

The researches suggest that these monkeys, like humans, are guided by social senses. In the wild, they are co-operative and group-living. Such co-operation is likely to be firm only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of anger when unfairly treated, it seems, are not the nature of human beings alone. Refusing a smaller reward completely makes these feelings clear to other animals of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness developed independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it comes from the common roots that they had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

1.According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A．Only monkeys and humans can have the sense of fairness in the world.

B．In the wild, monkeys are never unhappy to share their food with each other.

C．Women will show more dissatisfaction than men when unfairly treated.

D．Monkeys can exchange cucumbers for grapes, for grapes are more attractive.

2.The underlined statement “it is all too monkey” means that ________.

A．monkeys are also angry with lazy fellows

B．monkeys, like humans, tend to be envious of each other

C．no animals other than monkeys can develop such feelings

D．feeling angry at unfairness is also monkey’s nature

3.Female monkeys of this kind are chosen for the research most probably because they are _________.

A．more likely to pay attention to the value of what they get

B．attentive to researchers’ instructions

C．nice in both appearance and behaviors

D．more ready to help others than their male companions

4.We can learn ________according to the passage?

A．Human beings' feelings of anger are developed from the monkeys.

B．Cooperation between monkeys stays firm before the realization of being cheated.

C．In the research, male monkeys are less likely to exchange food with others.

D．Only monkeys and humans have the sense of fairness dating back to 35 million years ago.

5.What can we infer about the monkeys in Sarah’s study?

A．The monkeys can be trained to develop social senses.

B．The monkeys may show their satisfaction with equal treatment.

C．They usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

D．Cooperation among the monkeys remains effective in the wild.

Everybody is happy as his pay rises. Yet pleasure at your own can disappear if you learn that a fellow worker has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he is known as being lazy, you might even be quite cross. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying belief that other animals would not be able to have this finely developed sense of sadness. But a study by Sarah Brosnan of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviors of some kind of female brown monkeys. They look smart. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food happily. Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect subjects for Doctor Brosnan’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens (奖券) for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for pieces of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate and connected rooms, so that each other could observe what the other is getting in return for its rock, they became quite different.
In the world of monkeys，grapes are excellent goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was not willing to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either shook her own token at the researcher, or refused to accept the cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other room (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to bring about dissatisfaction in a female monkey.
The researches suggest that these monkeys, like humans, are guided by social senses. In the wild, they are co-operative and group-living. Such co-operation is likely to be firm only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of anger when unfairly treated, it seems, are not the nature of human beings alone. Refusing a smaller reward completely makes these feelings clear to other animals of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness developed independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it comes from the common roots that they had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question

1. 1.

   According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?

   1. A.
      Only monkeys and humans can have the sense of fairness in the world
   2. B.
      In the wild, monkeys are never unhappy to share their food with each other
   3. C.
      Women will show more dissatisfaction than men when unfairly treated
   4. D.
      Monkeys can exchange cucumbers for grapes, for grapes are more attractive
2. 2.

   The underlined statement “it is all too monkey” means that ________

   1. A.
      monkeys are also angry with lazy fellows
   2. B.
      monkeys, like humans, tend to be envious of each other
   3. C.
      no animals other than monkeys can develop such feelings
   4. D.
      feeling angry at unfairness is also monkey’s nature
3. 3.

   Female monkeys of this kind are chosen for the research most probably because they are _________

   1. A.
      more likely to pay attention to the value of what they get
   2. B.
      attentive to researchers’ instructions
   3. C.
      nice in both appearance and behaviors
   4. D.
      more ready to help others than their male companions
4. 4.

   We can learn ________according to the passage?

   1. A.
      Human beings' feelings of anger are developed from the monkeys
   2. B.
      Cooperation between monkeys stays firm before the realization of being cheated
   3. C.
      In the research, male monkeys are less likely to exchange food with others
   4. D.
      Only monkeys and humans have the sense of fairness dating back to 35 million years ago
5. 5.

   What can we infer about the monkeys in Sarah’s study?

   1. A.
      The monkeys can be trained to develop social senses
   2. B.
      The monkeys may show their satisfaction with equal treatment
   3. C.
      They usually show their feelings openly as humans do
   4. D.
      Cooperation among the monkeys remains effective in the wild