完形填空

　　Leonardo da Vinci began painting the Mona Lisa in 1503．He was working on a special painting for a 　　1　　 at the time, but the church painting was not going well．An Italian 　　2　　 asked da Vinci to paint a picture of the businessman’s second wife．This is the woman 　　3　　 can be seen in the Mona Lisa．

　　All 　　4　　 all, the Mona Lisa is a very good 　　5　　 of da Vinci’s work．Da Vinci used 　　6　　 and light in a clever way in the painting．Da Vinci loved science and 　　7　　．A person can see 　　8　　 that there is a lot of geometry(几何图形)in the Mona Lisa．The face of the Mona Lisa is made of many 　　9　　 and round shapes 　　10　　 balls．　　11　　her smile can be seen 　　12　　 a small part of a large circle．The woman in the painting is 　　13　　 on a balcony(阳台), and mountains can be seen 　　14　　her．Da Vinci 　　15　　 to study rocks and mountains, so these can be seen over

　　　　16　　 over in his 　　17　　paintings．The woman is sitting 　　18　　 her knees to the side．Her head is turned to look 　　19　　 the painting．Her hands are held together 　　20　　 her．This way of sitting is now used by many artists when they are painting a picture of a man or a woman today．

阅读理解

　　Traditional surgical procedures require surgeons to make large incisions(切口)in a patient's body in order to gain access to the organs inside．It was once common for heart surgeons, who perform highly specialized and complex procedures, to make long incisions in a patient's chest and then split the breastbone to reach the heart．Patients who undergo surgery are often at the risk of infection, as bacteria can infect the cut in the skin．In addition, there is often a lengthy recovery period．

　　A surgical technique known as “keyhole surgery” has become common in recent years．In general, the surgeon will make a couple of small incisions around the area where the operation is going to be performed．Tubes are pushed into the holes, and a tiny camera is put into the body．The camera is attached to a large monitor screen and the doctor can see it while performing the operation．In addition to the camera, doctors also push their tiny surgical instruments through the tubes．The awkward part of keyhole surgery is that it is counterintuitive; that is to say, if a surgeon wants to move the tool to the left, he or she must push it to the right．

　　Another new machine called the “Da Vinci Surgical System” has been tested in hospitals in the US．Unlike keyhole surgery, this robot's moving parts are designed to copy man's hand and wrist movement, thus providing better control and sensitivity．Sitting at a console(控制台)a few feet from the patient, the surgeon can control the instruments by moving highly sensitive pads．The area of the body is enlarged on a screen, which gives surgeons a view similar to that of a traditional surgical procedure．

　　The Da Vinci Surgical System has been welcomed as revolutionary by many surgeons．Patients with serious illness must undergo major surgery, but the smaller incisions typically mean a shorter recovery time．On the downside, some operations have taken up to fifty minutes longer because surgeons are inexperienced at using the new technology．As surgeons become more familiar with the machines, the time needed for surgical procedures is likely to decrease．