The Haitian tsunami gave scientists a chance to find out how well vital and potentially life-saving warning systems were working.

       Noaa’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory has developed a warning system that picks up signals of tsunamis directly from the sea-floor.

       It is called Dart-the Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis. If seismometers(地震仪) detect an earthquake, the Dart buoys（浮标） will determine what is happening to sea levels, and whether a big wave might be on the way. This information is then sent via satellite to a central location which can organize an alarm. Within 50 minutes of the Haiti earthquake, this system was able to issue an alarm to other countries in the Caribbean to say that a small tsunami had been caused to start, and that was unlikely to affect them.

       Dr Bernard said, “The first 30 minutes following the earthquake, we have to rely on education.” The critical aspects of this are: do you feel the earthquake; do you see the ocean draw down; and do you hear that loud roar? If so, you should run for higher ground.

 “But after the first few minutes, it’s crucial that we have the technology—the measurements to avoid unnecessary evacuation(疏散撤离)and tell people when it is safe to return.” Right now, there are 50 of these Dart buoys all over the globe—four of which are in the Caribbean.

Dr Bernard says that, with 75 to 100 buoys worldwide, this system could provide global tsunami warnings within one hour.

 “That’s for everywhere we know that tsunamis have happened. If we wanted to go to half an hour detection, we could probably double or multiply by four times that number,” he said.

       “In some countries, including Haiti, there may not be enough resources to support a specific tsunami warning centre for something that happens so infrequently.”

       He said that this system was relatively inexpensive to fix and operate.

       “To get it down to an hour for everywhere affected would cost $50m initial investment and then 10% of that to maintain it,” he said.

       “That’s not a terribly expensive system considering the potential savings of lives.”

1.In which section would you probably read the passage in a newspaper?

A. Education and Society                   

B. Culture and Leisure

C. Science and Technology          

D. Health and Medicine

2. How many buoys would at least be needed for global tsunami warnings within half an hour?

A. 150                 

B. 100                  

C. 75                   

D. 50

3.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

       A. The system can warn people of the coming of tsunami directly after the earthquake.

       B. We can’t escape the danger of tsunami within 30 minutes following the earthquake.

       C. Each country can easily afford a tsunami warning centre though it seldom happens.

       D. It’s worthwhile to spend money on the warning system for possible savings of lives.

4. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?

A. Tsunami Assessment               

B. Earthquake detecting

C. Disaster Warning System        

D. Life Saving System

Hospital emergency rooms treat injured fingers all the time. Without treatment, a bad cut can lead to permanent damage. But how should a person know when a bleeding cut is serious enough to require medical attention? We asked Dr Martin Brown, chairman of the department of emergency medicine at Inova Alexandria Hospital in Virginia.

First, the medical term for a cut or tear in the skin is a laceration(严重划破，撕裂伤). Dr Brown says the length is usually not as important as the depth. He says a long cut on a finger can likely be treated without a visit to a doctor if the wound is not very deep. “If you have a short but deep laceration where there’s been a structure underneath that’s been damaged － a tendon, a nerve, a blood vessel,” says Martin, “it may, in fact, need professional attention.”

Some injuries － like a fingertip that gets cut off  － might even require surgery to repair. That requires a specialist to either file(锉平) down the bone or reattach the fingertip. More often, filing down the bone is what is done because reattaching a fingertip is often not successful.

How a wound bleeds can be a sign of how serious it is. Minor cuts usually produce what is known as venous (静脉) bleeding. This means the blood flows steadily from the injury. The bleeding will often stop when pressure is put on the wound. Dr Brown says in most cases holding direct pressure with clean gauze or a cloth for four to five minutes should stop the bleeding. With a cut finger, holding the hand above the heart can reduce the loss of blood. But if a cut appears to be pumping blood out with some force, this may be a sign of arterial(动脉) bleeding. This kind of injury should be treated by a medical professional as soon as possible.

Even a cut that does not require medical attention must be kept clean to prevent infection. Small cuts should be cleaned gently with clean water. Use a washcloth to clean the area if the wound is dirty. Dr Brown says cuts should be covered with a clean, dry bandage.

1.What does the writer want to tell the readers in the first paragraph?

A. Hospital emergency rooms always treat injured fingers.

B.A bleeding cut is serious enough to require medical attention

C. Dr Martin Brown is in charge of Inova Alexandria Hospital.

D. It is important for us to be able to tell how serious a finger cut is.

2.According to the passage,         .

A .a finger cut without treatment can lead to permanent damage

B. the length of a cut on a finger is more important than the depth

C. a long but not very deep cut often doesn’t need professional attention

D. a short but deep laceration that has been damaged need professional attention.

3.The underlined word “reattach” in Para.3 is closest in meaning to         .

A. repair          B. rebuild       C. reconstruct          D. reconnect

4.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

A .How a wound bleeds can show us how serious the wound could be.

B Venous bleeding will often stop when we put pressure on the wound.

C. Holding up the hand with a finger cut can reduce the loss of blood.

D. Arterial bleeding should get professional treatment as soon as possible

5..The best title of this passage should be         .

A. Hospital Emergency Treatments For Injured Fingers

B. When a Cut Finger Is More Serious Than It Might Seem

C. Serious Finger Cut That Requires Medical Attention

D. Keep Finger Cuts Clean to Prevent Serious Infection

Here is an astonishing and signficant fact:Mental work alone can’t make us tired. It sounds absurd. But a few years ago, scientists tried to find out how long the human could labor without reaching a stage of fatigue(疲劳). To the amazement of these scientists, they discovered thett blood passing through the brain, when it is active, shows no fatigue at all! If we took a drop of blood from a day labourer, we could find it full of fatigue toxins(毒素) and fatigue products. But if we took blood from the brain of Albert Einstein, it would show no fatigue toxing at the end of the day.

So far as the brain is concerned, it can work as well and swiftly at the end of eight or even twelve hours f efforts as at the beginning. The brain is totally tireless. So what makes us tired.

Some scientists declare that most of our fatigue come from our mental and emotional(情感的) attitudes. One of England’s most outstanding scientists. J. A. Hadfield,says,“The greater part of the fatigue from which we suffer is of mental origin. In fact,fatigue of purely physical origin is rare.” Dr. Brill, a famous American scientist, goes even further. He declares,“One hundred percent of the fatigue of a sitting worker in good health is due to emotional problems.”

What kinds of emotions make sitting workers tired?Joy?Satifaction?No!A feeling of being bored,anger,anxiety,tenseness,worry,a feeling of nt being appreciated---those are emotions that tire sitting workers.Hard work by itself seldom causes fatigue.We get tired because our emotions produce nervousness in the body.

1.What surprised the scientists a few years ago?

A．Fatigue toxinscould hardly be found in a labour’s blood.

B．Albert Eistein didn’t feel worn out after a day’s work.

C．The brain could wrk for many hours without fatigue.

D．A mental worker’s blood was filled with fatigue toxins.

2.According to the authour,which of the following can make sitting worker tired？

A．Challenge mental work.

B．Unpleasant emotions.

C．Endless tasks.

D．Physical labor.

3.What’s the authour’s attitude towards the scientists’ ideas?

A．He agrees with them.

B．He doubts them

C．He argues against them.

D．He hesitates to accept them.

4.We can infer from the passage that in order to stay energic, sitting workers need to ______.

A．have some good blood

B．enjoy their work

C．exercise regularly

D．discover fatigue toxin

Hospital emergency rooms treat injured fingers all the time. Without treatment，a bad cut can lead to permanent damage. But how should a person know when a bleeding cut is serious enough to require medical attention? We asked Dr. Martin Brown. Chairman of the department of emergency medicine at Inova Alexandria Hospital in Virginia.   

First，the medical term for a cut or tear in the skin is a laceration(严重划破，撕裂伤). Dr. Brown says the length is usually not as important as the depth. He says a long cut on a finger can likely be treated without a visit to a doctor if the wound is not very deep. “If you have a short but deep laceration where there’s been a structure underneath that's been damaged a tendon，a nerve，a blood vessel,”says Martin，“it may, in fact，need professional attention. ”

Some injuries —like a fingertip that gets cut off might even require surgery to repair. That requires a specialist to either file(锉平) down the bone or reattach the fingertip. More often，filing down the bone is what is done because reattaching a fingertip is often not successful.

How a wound bleeds can be a sign of how serious it is. Minor cuts usually produce what is known as venous(静脉)bleeding. This means the blood flows steadily from the injury. The bleeding will often stop when pressure is put on the wound. Dr. Brown says in most cases holding direct pressure with clean gauze or a cloth for four to five minutes should stop the bleeding. With a cut finger, holding the hand above the heart can reduce the loss of blood. But if a cut appears to be pumping blood out with some force，this may be a sign of arterial(动脉)bleeding. This kind of injury should be treated by a medical professional as soon as possible.

Even a cut that does not require medical attention must be kept clean to prevent infection. Small cuts should be cleaned gently with clean water. Use a washcloth to clean the area if the wound is dirty. Dr Brown says cuts should be covered with a clean, dry bandage. 

1. What does the writer want to tell the readers in the first paragraph? 

2. According to the passage，_____________________.

3. The underlined word “reattach” in Para. 3 is closest in meaning to ________________.

4. Which of the following statements in NOT true according to the passage?

5. The best title of this passage should be ______________________.

The Haitian tsunami gave scientists a chance to find out how well vital and potentially life-saving warning systems were working.
Noaa’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory has developed a warning system that picks up signals of tsunamis directly from the sea-floor.
It is called Dart-the Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis. If seismometers(地震仪) detect an earthquake, the Dart buoys（浮标） will determine what is happening to sea levels, and whether a big wave might be on the way. This information is then sent via satellite to a central location which can organize an alarm. Within 50 minutes of the Haiti earthquake, this system was able to issue an alarm to other countries in the Caribbean to say that a small tsunami had been caused to start, and that was unlikely to affect them.
Dr Bernard said, “The first 30 minutes following the earthquake, we have to rely on education.” The critical aspects of this are: do you feel the earthquake; do you see the ocean draw down; and do you hear that loud roar? If so, you should run for higher ground.
“But after the first few minutes, it’s crucial that we have the technology—the measurements to avoid unnecessary evacuation(疏散撤离)and tell people when it is safe to return.” Right now, there are 50 of these Dart buoys all over the globe—four of which are in the Caribbean.
Dr Bernard says that, with 75 to 100 buoys worldwide, this system could provide global tsunami warnings within one hour.
“That’s for everywhere we know that tsunamis have happened. If we wanted to go to half an hour detection, we could probably double or multiply by four times that number,” he said.
“In some countries, including Haiti, there may not be enough resources to support a specific tsunami warning centre for something that happens so infrequently.”
He said that this system was relatively inexpensive to fix and operate.
“To get it down to an hour for everywhere affected would cost $50m initial investment and then 10% of that to maintain it,” he said.
“That’s not a terribly expensive system considering the potential savings of lives.”
【小题1】In which section would you probably read the passage in a newspaper?