Researchers found that compared with teens who spent much of their free time in front of TV sets, those who were physically active often had higher self-respect, better grades and were less likely to have risky behavior like taking drugs, smoking, or drinking．The findings, based on a national survey of nearly 12,000 middle and high school students, were published in a journal．
"Across the board, children who engaged in any kind of activity were belier off than kids who watched a lot of TV," said study co author professor Penny Gordon Larsen of the University of North Carolina．
Other studies have linked certain content of television programs, such as violence and sex, to children's behavior．But beyond this issue, Gordon-Larsen said that kids who spend hours watching TV "miss opportunities" to develop skills, learn teamwork and have other experiences that their more active peers benefit from．
That doesn't mean, however, that kids have to be on the football team． The study found that some activities like skating and skateboarding——which adults sometimes frown upon——were also related to better self respect and less risk taking．
That skaters were better behaved than TV watchers might come as a surprise to some adults who consider these teens to be bad, according to Gordon-Larsen．Skateboarding is forbidden in many public areas, and some communities oppose building skating parks．But if kids who like to skate have nowhere to do it, "it's a shame," said Gordon-Larsen．
Not only should parents encourage their kids to engage iii the physical activities they enjoy, she said, but schools and communities should also do more to create opportunities for children to be active．
【小题1】From the passage we know that          .

Children who suffer head trauma(创伤)call experience headaches months after the injury, with girls more likely to have them than boys，a new study finds．

　　 The researchers also found that the risk of having these headaches was greater after a mild

traumatic brain injury(TBI)than after a moderate or severe one．

　　 The study, published online Dec．5 in the journal Pediatrics，included children aged 5 to 1 7 who were hospitalized with traumatic brain injury in King County in Washington State and one in Philadelphia．Three months after treatment，headaches were reported by 43 percent of children who’had a mild TBI，37 percent of those who had a moderate to severe TBI，and 26 percent of children in a control group who’d suffered broken arms but no head trauma．

　 The researchers also assessed the children one year after they were hospitalized and didn’t find any significant differences in headaches between the groups．

　 Teens and girls appear to have the highest risk for headache after mild TBI，and the course of recovery after such events is likely affected by age，injury severity and gender(性别)，the researchers concluded．

　The authors noted that more than half a million children in the United States suffer a TBI each year．

　“Little research has focused on chronic(慢性的)headache post-TBI in children，”Dr．Heidi Blume，of me Seattle Children’S Research Institute，said in锄institute news release(发布会)．“The common existence of headache following mild TBI appear to follow a pattern we see in primary headache disorders such as a migraine(偏头痛)．”

　 She said the research will examine similarities betwe．en TBI and migraine，including a look at whether“migraine treatment will work for post．traumatic headaches．”

　 In the meantime，‘'what parents need to know is that some children with TBI may have headaches for several weeks or months after TBI，but that most recover with time，”Blume said．“And significantly, girls and teenagers appear to be at particular risk for headaches after mild TBI．Parents should be aware of what to expect after mild TBI，and that includes TBI for sports．related injuries．”，

71．Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage?

　　　 A．Teachers Should Do More to Protect Teenagers in Schools

　　 B．How to Avoid Headaches after Traumatic Brain Injuries　

　　 C．Head Injuries May Lead to Headaches for Teenagers

　　 D．More Attention Should Be Paid to Post．TBI Headaches

72．The differences in headaches after TBI among different people lasts______.

　　　A．for more than a year　 B．1ife long 　

C．for three months D．for less than a year

73．Which of the following statements is not true according to the passage?

　　　 A．The severer the injury is．the greater the risk will be．　

　　　 B．Headaches after TBI are similar to a migraine．

　　　C．There hasn’t been enough research on headache post-TBI in children．

D．Giris are more likely to have post．TBI headaches．

74．In the last paragraph，Dr．Heidi Blume warns that________.

　　　 A．parents should look after their children more carefully

　　　B．post—TBI headaches will last for several weeks or months

　　　C. post—TBI headaches may not show immediately

　　　D．girls and teenagers should avoid attending school sport activities

75．Paragraph 3 is intended to_______.

　　　A．prove that girls are mole likely to have post—TBI headaches

　　　B．support what is mentioned in Paragraph 2

　　　C．show the common existence of headaches after TBI

　　　 D．tell the readers that post-TBI headaches are not dangerous

Punishment is a term used to refer to any change that occurs after a behavior that reduces the likelihood that the behavior will occur again in the future. Punishment is focused on reducing or getting rid of unwanted behaviors. Punishment can be effective in some cases.  71   Prison is one example. After being sent to jail for a crime, people often continue committing crimes once they are away from prison.

  Why is it that punishment seems to work in some instances, but not in others？Researchers have found a number of factors that contribute to how effective punishment is. First, punishment is more likely to lead to a reduction in behavior if it immediately follows the behavior.  72   It may help explain why sending people to jail does not always lead to a reduction in criminal behaviors.

  Another factor is that punishment achieves greater results when it is consistently applied.  73   For example, people often continue to drive over the speed limit even after receiving a speeding ticket. Why? Because the behavior is inconsistently punished.

   74   One of them is that any behavior changes that result from punishment are often temporary(暂时的). Perhaps the greatest one is the fact that punishment makes people not perform certain actions, but it does not actually offer any information about more appropriate or desired behaviors.

  Another thing to consider about punishment is that it can have unintended and undesirable consequences. For example, approximately 75 percent of parents in the United States report hitting their children.  75   For this reason, psychologists suggest that any short-term gains from using punishment should be weighed because it may produce potential long-term consequences.

A.      Punishment also has some notable disadvantages.

B.      Parents and teachers consider punishment an effective tool.

C.      Prison sentences often occur long after the crime has been committed.

D.     There are two types of punishment, positive punishment and negative punishment.

E.      In fact, it can be difficult to administer a punishment every single time a behavior occurs.

F.      However, you can probably think of situations where punishment does not reduce a behavior.

G.     Researchers have found that this type of physical punishment can lead to antisocial behaviors among children.

 According to some researchers, you should not praise children for everything that they do. It does not help them build self-confidence.

Most parents and teachers agree that praise can help increase children’s self-confidence —the more, the better. However, according to some researchers, only proper praise is good for children. If adults praise everything children do, it makes children look for praise all the time, not trying to do their best. "Teachers should not say things like 'good job’ or 'nice work’ whenever a child does anything. They should encourage them to continue to improve," some researchers advise.
     Another idea is that children with high self-confidence are happier, and do better at school. About this, Marshall Duke, a researcher in children, says, "High self-confidence brought in by too much praise does not make children happier, get more, or become able to do more. Finding a child’s advantages (强项) and developing them can help build confidence more than too much praise can." Praise also loses its effect (影响) if it is given equally to all students.
     "It’s important to tell children the truth about what they’ve done. Honest feedback (反馈) is far better than empty praise," Duke adds. "People have got into the habit of not telling children when they’re wrong. That makes it hard for them to deal with difficulties when they grow up. That’s just how the world is."

64. According to some researchers, if parents praise their children too much, their children will ______.

A. always look for praise             B. increase self-confidence

C. become strong                        D. do better in their studies

65. In order to help children build self-confidence, some researchers advise parents to ______.

A. make them live more happily           B. let them do more difficult work

C. help them do better in school           D. encourage them to improve

66. Which of the following is TRUE, according to the passage?

A. Praise makes children become successful.

B. Children don’t know what they’re really good at.

C. The same praise for all children has no meaning.

D. Duke thinks praise is more important than finding children’s strengths.

67. The underlined word "it" in the third paragraph refers to _________.

A. the effect          B. the praise    C. the advantage            D. the confidence