Punishment is a term used to refer to any change that occurs after a behavior that reduces the likelihood that the behavior will occur again in the future. Punishment is focused on reducing or getting 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

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Punishment is a term used to refer to any change that occurs after a behavior that reduces the likelihood that the behavior will occur again in the future. Punishment is focused on reducing or getting rid of unwanted behaviors. Punishment can be effective in some cases. 71 Prison is one example. After being sent to jail for a crime, people often continue committing crimes once they are away from prison.

Why is it that punishment seems to work in some instances, but not in others？Researchers have found a number of factors that contribute to how effective punishment is. First, punishment is more likely to lead to a reduction in behavior if it immediately follows the behavior. 72 It may help explain why sending people to jail does not always lead to a reduction in criminal behaviors.

Another factor is that punishment achieves greater results when it is consistently applied. 73 For example, people often continue to drive over the speed limit even after receiving a speeding ticket. Why? Because the behavior is inconsistently punished.

74 One of them is that any behavior changes that result from punishment are often temporary(暂时的). Perhaps the greatest one is the fact that punishment makes people not perform certain actions, but it does not actually offer any information about more appropriate or desired behaviors.

Another thing to consider about punishment is that it can have unintended and undesirable consequences. For example, approximately 75 percent of parents in the United States report hitting their children. 75 For this reason, psychologists suggest that any short-term gains from using punishment should be weighed because it may produce potential long-term consequences.

A. Punishment also has some notable disadvantages.

B. Parents and teachers consider punishment an effective tool.

C. Prison sentences often occur long after the crime has been committed.

D. There are two types of punishment, positive punishment and negative punishment.

E. In fact, it can be difficult to administer a punishment every single time a behavior occurs.

F. However, you can probably think of situations where punishment does not reduce a behavior.

G. Researchers have found that this type of physical punishment can lead to antisocial behaviors among children.

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I got my first real job when I was ten.My dad,Benjamin,injured his back when working in a cardboard-box factory and was retrained as a hairstylist.He 1 space in a little strip mall and gave his shop the fancy 2 of Mr.Ben’s Coiffure.The owner of the shopping center gave Dad a on his rent for cleaning the parking lot three 4 a week,which meant getting up at 3 am.To 5 rubbish,Dad used a little machine that looked like a lawn mower.Mom and I 6

garbage cans and picked up litter by hand. 7 took two to three hours to clean the lot.I’d 8

in the car on the way home.?

I did this for two years, 9 the lessons I learned there have lasted a lifetime.I 10 discipline and a strong work ethic,and learned at an early age the importance of 11 life’s competing interests —in my case,school, homework and a job.This really 12 during my senior year of high school, 13 I worked 40 hours a week flipping (翻动) burgers at a fast-?food joint while 14 a full load of college-prep courses.?

The hard work 15 off.I attended the US Military Academy and went on to 16 graduate degrees in law and business from Harvard. Later,I 17 a big Los Angeles law firm and was elected to the California State Assembly.In these 18 and in everything else I’ve done,I have never forgotten those nights in the parking lot.The 19 taught me that there is dignity in all work and that if people are working to 20 for themselves and their families,that is something we should honor. ?

1. A.bought B.had C.rented D.built?

2. A.sign B.mark C.name D.board?

3. A.discount B.bill? C.praise D.punishment?

4. A.days B.hours C.mornings D.nights?

5. A.make up B.fill up? C.pick up D.take off?

6. A.emptied B.collected C.carried D.filled?

7. A.This B.That C.I D.It

8. A.cry B.laugh C.complain D.sleep?

9. A.though B.but C.so D.then?

10. A.acquired B.wanted C.liked D.called?

11. A.gaining B.balancing?C.avoiding D.abandoning?

12. A.worked B.did C.happened D.helped?

13. A.then B.when C.while D.as?

14. A.having B.joining C.taking D.doing?

15. A.paid B.took C.laid D.kicked?

16. A.ask B.seek C.accept D.receive?

17. A.went B.joined C.opened D.charged?

18. A.ways B.jobs C.schools D.firms?

19. A.lessons B.memory?C.experience D.teachers?

20. A.support B.earn C.give D.provide?

A thief entered the bedroom of the 30th President of the United States, who met him and helped him escape punishment．

The event happened in the early morning hours in one of the first days when Calvin Coolidge came into power, late in August, 1923．He and his family were living in the same third-floor suite (套房) at the Willard Hotel in Washington that they had occupied several years before．The former President’s wife was still living in the White House．

Coolidge awoke to see a stranger go through his clothes, remove a wallet and a watch chain．

Coolidge spoke, “I wish you wouldn’t take that．”

The thief, gaining his voice, said, “Why?”

“I don’t mean the watch and chain, only the charm (表坠)．Take it near the window and read what is impressed on its back, “ the President said．

The thief read, “Presented to Calvin Coolidge．”

“Are you President Coolidge ? “ he asked．

The President answered, “Yes, and the House of Representatives (众议院) gave me that watch charm．I’m fond of it．It would do you no good．You want money．Let’s talk this over．”

Holding up the wallet, the young man said in a low voice, “I’ll take this and leave everything else．”

Coolidge, knowing there was ＄80 in it, persuaded the young man to sit down and talk．He told the President he and his college roommate had overspent during their holiday and did not have enough money to pay their hotel bill．

Coolidge added up the roommate and two rail tickets back to the college．Then he counted out ＄32 said it was a loan (借款)．

He then told the young man, “There is a guard in the corridor．” The young man nodded and left through the same window as he had entered．

What caused the thief to meet the President?

A．He knew the President had lots of money．

B．He knew the President lived in the suite．

C．He wanted to be a rich businessman．

D．He wanted to steal some money．

Why did Calvin Coolidge live at the Willard Hotel in those days?

A．Because the former President was still living in the White House．

B．Because the former First Lady hadn’t left the White House．

C．Because the First Lady liked to live there．

D．Because he liked there．

Coolidge counted out ＄32 ______．

A．in order not to be killed by the thief

B．in order to be out of danger

C．so as to help the young student overcome his difficulty

D．because he had no more money

The young man’s roommate went back to the college ______．

A．by air B．by water C．by bus D．by train

Which of the following might happen afterwards?

A．The young student repaid the＄32．

B．The thief was put into prison．

C．The President told many reporters the thief’s name．

D．The President ordered the young man to repay the money．

Today I felt very uncomfortable studying English as usual．My eyes were 36 and my mind was confused．I buried my head deep in the great pile of books．Many vocabulary words 37 my mind．As more and more entered，I 38 focus，and my 39 became crazy．The clock hands were pointing at twelve. I always 40 the time when I study．Without any fruitful results，I felt more 41 and tired．I 42 up and walked to the living room just to take a little break． 43 that would make me feel better．The street lamps looked like stars outside the window．A few scattered(分散的)branches 44 shadows on the French window．Something seemed more 45 and quiet than before．I walked to the 46 slowly，and let my face press against it， 47 very carefully…oh my God!!…It’s snow! It was very bright and covered up the whole 48 while I was studying English painfully, so white and so quiet．At this moment, I was so 49 that I felt like I might burst into tears．The snow was like a spring 50 into my heart，and my eyes were shining with it．All my pain and tiredness 51 at this moment，as the snow dropped into my heart．

I quickly became calm again as the excitement went away．I sat on the bed silently，and drew the 52 to one side to let the white house and white tree stay just beside my bed．I thought this must be a(n) 53 from God，because I liked snow so much． 54 I was weakest and most helpless in this world，nothing could inspire me but 55 ．I should inspire myself from such a beautiful scene．

A. closed	B. tired	C. shining	D. weeping
A. left	B. confused	C. filled	D. impressed
A. lost	B. got	C. realized	D. changed
A. thoughts	B. feeling	C. words	D. concept
A. waste	B. limit	C. remember	D. forget
A. flexible	B. guilty	C. unhappy	D. curious
A. stood	B. turned	C. checked	D. hurried
A. Sure	B. Maybe	C. Immediately	D. Always
A. shook	B. cast	C. like	D. printed
A.disappointing	B. frightening	C. bright	D. light
A. shadow	B. lamp	C. branch	D. window
A. looking	B. thinking	C. moving	D. cleaning
A. night	B. house	C. world	D. mind
A. disturbed	B. excited	C. surprised	D. bored
A. pouring	B. delivering	C. drilling	D. rising
A. occurred	B. arose	C. escaped	D. disappeared
A. bed	B. curtain	C. desk	D. book
A. anger	B. smile	C. gift	D. punishment
A. As usual	B. As a result	C. At last	D. At a time
A. snow	B. God	C. white	D. beauty

In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition (学会) of each new skill in the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.

Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters. Others are severe (严格的) over time of coming home at night or punctuality for meals. In general, the controls represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness.

As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality (道德). Also, parents should realize that "example is better than precept". If they are not sincere and do not practice what they preach (说教), their children may grow confused when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled.

A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents' principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment.

Eagerly watching the child’s acquisition of new skills_________________.

A. will make the child lose interest in learning new things

B. sets up dangerous states of worry in the child

C. is universal among parents

D. should be avoided

In the process of children’s learning new skills, parents _________________.

A. should encourage them to read before they know the meaning of the words they read

B. should achieve a balance between pushing them too hard and leaving them on their own

C. should expect a lot of the children

D. should create as many learning opportunities as possible

The second paragraph mainly tells us that _________________.

A. parental restrictions vary, and are not always for the benefit of the children alone

B. parental controls reflect only the values of the community

C. parents should be strict with their children

D. it’s parents’ and society’s duty to control the children

The word “precept” in Paragraph 3 probably means “_________________”.

A. opinion B. punishment C. instruction D. behavior

In terms of moral matters, parents should _____________________.

A. follow the rules themselves

B. be aware of the huge difference between adults and children

C. always ensure the security of their children

D. forbid their children to follow hook teachings

One day Jack broke his mother’s mirror. When she saw the broken___41___ she cried. “Jack, you are too careless and because of that, father is going to punish you.”
“I’m too angry to ___42___ him a beating now,” said Jack’s father as he examined the broken mirror, “I’ll do it after supper.”
When supper was over, his father took ___43____ to the garden. “I’m going to ___44___ a branch that is just the right size,” he said. They looked everywhere but found___45___.
Then Jack had ___46___. “Father, I think your walking stick will be just __47____.”
“Yes, that’s a good idea. Now come along to my room and we’ll try it.”
Up in his room Jack’s father took ___48___ his coat. Jack was __49____. But to Jack’s great surprise, his father turned to his bed and hit it again and again with the walking stick. He hit it like this for a while and then stopped. “Well, I think that’s enough,” said his father. “You must be careful in future. You will be a good boy, won’t you?” Jack __50____ he would be and never forget it because it was such an unusual punishment.

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