It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. Every experience 36 the child something and the effects are 37 . “Upbringing”normally used to refer to the treatment and training of the child  38 the home. This is closely 39  the treatment and training of the child in school, which is usually distinguished（区别）by the  40 “education”. In a society such as ours, both 41 and teachers are responsible for the chances provided for the development of the child, 42 upbringing and education depend on each other.

       The ideals and practices of child upbringing are different from culture to culture.  43 , the more rural（农村的）the group, the more  44  the customs of child upbringing. In more technologically developed societies, childhood and adolescence（青春期）are likely  45  a long time,  46 more chances for education and greater variety in  47 development.

       Early upbringing in the  48  is naturally affected both by the cultural pattern of the group and by the parents’  49  and their aims and depends not only on upbringing and education but also on the   50  abilities of the child. Wide differences of intelligence（智力）and character 51  even in children of the same family.

       Parents can  52  what is normal in physical, mental and social development, by  53 some of the many books  54  on scientific knowledge in these areas, or less dependable since the sample（实例）is smaller, by comparing 55  with friends and relatives who have children.

A．offers    B．affords     C．teaches     D．pays

A．dangerous     B．limited     C．immediate D．increasing

A．from      B．for    C．out of       D．within

A．covered with B．devoted to C．made from       D．related to

A．term      B．time  C．kind     D．age

A．children B．parents     C．students    D．classmates

A．so that   B．so long as C．in that case       D．even if

A．Surprisingly  B．Besides     C．Generally  D．However

A．strange   B．unchangeable   C．unusual     D．curious

A．to cover      B．to change  C．to spend    D．to spread

A．resulting in  B．beginning with C．hoping for       D．waiting for

A．body    B．brain C．character   D．education

A．school  B．home C．society      D．world

A．care     B．luck  C．ability      D．job

A．wonderful   B．great        C．named      D．born

A．happen B．make C．exist  D．hold

A．bring down  B．find out    C．work out   D．make up

A．referring to  B．looking into     C．holding     out     D．taking up

A．called   B．decided     C．based D．carried

A．books   B．letters       C．notes D．answers

The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and groups. These meanings have also changed over time. This change is no more evident than in Western society today, when notions of health and health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways.

For much of recent Western history, health has been viewed in the physical sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine. Health in this sense has been defined as the absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms.

In the late 1940s the World Health Organization challenged this physically and medically oriented (导向的) view of health. They stated that health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease (WHO, 1946). Health and the person were seen more holistically (mind / body / spirit) and not just in physical terms.

The 1970s was a time of focusing on the prevention of disease and illness by emphasizing the importance of the lifestyle and behaviour of the individual. Specific behaviours which were seen to increase risk of disease, such as smoking, lack of fitness and unhealthy eating habits, were targeted. Creating health meant providing not only medical health care, but also health promotion programs and policies which would help people maintain healthy behaviours and lifestyles. While this individualistic healthy lifestyle approach to health worked for some (the wealthy members of society), it was of little benefit to people experiencing poverty, unemployment, underemployment or who had little control over the conditions of their daily life.

During the 1980s and 1990s there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social, economic and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health.

At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of health. This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, remains as the backbone of health action today. In exploring the scope of health promotion it states that:

Good health is a major resource for social, economic and personal development and an important dimension (尺度) of the quality of life. Political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors can all favour health or be harmful to it. (WHO, 1986)

1.From the passage, we can infer that _________.

2.In the late 1940s, if you ___________, that meant you were healthy. 

3.        of society benefited most from the healthy lifestyle approach to health. 

4.The socio-ecological view of health includes the following broad areas EXCEPT ________.

5.This passage mainly tells us that                 .  

完形填空 (共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分)

阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从36—55各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

In some cities, work holism（废寝忘食工作）is so common that people don’t consider it unusual. They accept the lifestyle as    36   . Government workers in Washington, D. C., 37, frequently work sixty to seventy hours a week. They don’t do this because they have to; they do it because they 38    to. Work holism can be a     39    problem. Because true workaholics would rather work than do anything else, they    40    have no idea of how to relax; that is, they might not    41 movies, sports, or other types of entertainment. Most of all, they 42    to sit and do nothing. The lives of workaholics are usually stressful, and this tension and worry can cause   43    problems such as heart attacks and stomach diseases.    44   , typical workaholics don’t pay much attention to their families. Their marriages may end in    45    as they spend little time with their families.

Is work holism    46    dangerous? Perhaps not. There are, certainly, people who work    47 under stress. Some studies show that many workaholics have great energy and interest in work. They feel    48    is so pleasurable that they are actually very happy. For most workaholics, work and entertainment are the same thing. Their jobs    49    them with a challenge; this keeps them busy and creative.

   50    do workaholics enjoy their jobs so much? There are several    51    to work. Of course, it provides people with paychecks, and this is important. But it offers    52    financial security. It provides people with self-confidence; they have a feeling of satisfaction   53    they have produced a challenging piece of work and are able to say “I    54    it”. Psychologists claim that their work gives people an identity. After they take part in work, they    55    a sense of self and individualism.

A．strange         B．boring                   C．pleasant                 D．normal

A．for example B．on the other hand    C．what’s more         D．after all

A．agree           B．promise                 C．dare                     D．want

A．slight           B．serious                   C．obvious                D．difficult

A．still                     B．probably                C．certainly                D．mostly

A．afford          B．enjoy                     C．watch                    D．allow

A．dream          B．decide                    C．intend                    D．hate

A．physical       B．cultural               C．social                  D．mental

A．Therefore     B．However                C．Anyway                 D．Besides

A．happiness     B．silence                   C．failure                   D．loss

A．sometimes    B．always                   C．seldom                   D．hardly

A．sadly            B．differently              C．efficiently              D．slowly

A．study           B．family                   C．life                        D．work

A．equip           B．pack                      C．provide                  D．fill

A．When           B．Why                      C．How                      D．Where

A．factors         B．advantages             C．steps                      D．ways

A．no more       B．more or less            C．no more than       D．more than

A．when           B．before                    C．unless                    D．until

A．valued          B．failed                     C．caught                   D．made

A．give          B．lose                    C．get                        D．need

完形填空 (共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分)

阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从36—55各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

In some cities, work holism（废寝忘食工作）is so common that people don’t consider it unusual. They accept the lifestyle as    36   . Government workers in Washington, D. C., 37, frequently work sixty to seventy hours a week. They don’t do this because they have to; they do it because they 38    to. Work holism can be a     39    problem. Because true workaholics would rather work than do anything else, they    40    have no idea of how to relax; that is, they might not    41 movies, sports, or other types of entertainment. Most of all, they 42    to sit and do nothing. The lives of workaholics are usually stressful, and this tension and worry can cause   43    problems such as heart attacks and stomach diseases.    44   , typical workaholics don’t pay much attention to their families. Their marriages may end in    45    as they spend little time with their families.

Is work holism    46    dangerous? Perhaps not. There are, certainly, people who work    47 under stress. Some studies show that many workaholics have great energy and interest in work. They feel    48    is so pleasurable that they are actually very happy. For most workaholics, work and entertainment are the same thing. Their jobs    49    them with a challenge; this keeps them busy and creative.

   50    do workaholics enjoy their jobs so much? There are several    51    to work. Of course, it provides people with paychecks, and this is important. But it offers    52    financial security. It provides people with self-confidence; they have a feeling of satisfaction   53    they have produced a challenging piece of work and are able to say “I    54    it”. Psychologists claim that their work gives people an identity. After they take part in work, they    55    a sense of self and individualism.

1.A．strange         B．boring                   C．pleasant                 D．normal

2.A．for example B．on the other hand    C．what’s more         D．after all

3.A．agree           B．promise                 C．dare                     D．want

4.A．slight           B．serious                   C．obvious                D．difficult

5.A．still                     B．probably                C．certainly                D．mostly

6.A．afford          B．enjoy                     C．watch                    D．allow

7.A．dream          B．decide                    C．intend                    D．hate

8.A．physical       B．cultural               C．social                  D．mental

9.A．Therefore     B．However                C．Anyway                 D．Besides

10.A．happiness   B．silence                   C．failure                   D．loss

11.A．sometimes B．always                   C．seldom                   D．hardly

12.A．sadly          B．differently              C．efficiently              D．slowly

13.A．study         B．family                   C．life                        D．work

14.A．equip         B．pack                      C．provide                  D．fill

15.A．When         B．Why                      C．How                      D．Where

16.A．factors              B．advantages             C．steps                      D．ways

17.A．no more     B．more or less            C．no more than       D．more than

18.A．when         B．before                    C．unless                    D．until

19.A．valued               B．failed                     C．caught                   D．made

20.A．give        B．lose                    C．get                        D．need

In some cities, workaholism（废寝忘食工作）is so common that people don’t consider it unusual. They accept the lifestyle as   26  .  Government

workers in Washington, D. C.,   27  , frequently work sixty to seventy hours a week. They don’t do this because they have to; they do it because they   28  to. Workaholism can be a   29   problem. Because true workaholics would rather work than do anything else, they   30   have no idea of how to relax; that is, they might not   31   movies, sports, or other types of entertainment. Most of all, they   32   to sit and do nothing. The lives of workaholics are usually stressful, and this tension（紧张）and worry can cause   33   problems such as heart attacks and stomach diseases.     34   , typical workaholics don’t pay much attention to their families. Their marriages may end in   35   as they spend little time with their families.

Is workaholism   36   dangerous? Perhaps not. There are, certainly, people who work   37   under stress. Some studies show that many workaholics have great energy and interest in work. They feel   38   is so pleasurable that they are actually very happy. For most workaholics, work and entertainment are the same thing. Their jobs   39   them with a challenge; this keeps them busy and creative.

  40   do workaholics enjoy their jobs so much? There are several  41   to work. Of course, it provides people with paychecks, and this is important. But it offer  42  financial security. It provides people with self-confidence; they have a feeling of satisfaction   43   they have produced a challenging piece of work and are able to say “I   44   it”. Psychologists claim that their work gives people an identity（自身价值）. After they take part in work, they    45   a sense of self and individualism.

1.A．strange                     B．boring                           C．pleasant               D．normal

2.A．for example              B．on the other handC．what’s more                 D．after all

3.A．agree                          B．promise               C．dare                     D．want

4.A．slight                           B．serious                 C．obvious                D．difficult

5.A．still                     B．probably              C．certainly              D．mostly

6.A．afford                        B．enjoy                             C．watch                            D．allow

7.A．dream              B．decide                            C．intend                           D．hate

8.A．physical            B．cultural                C．social                             D．mental

9.A．Therefore                 B．However             C．Anyway                 D．Besides

10.A．happiness      B．silence                          C．failure                           D．surprise

11.A．sometimes    B．always                           C．seldom                 D．hardly

12.A．sadly                        B．differently                    C．efficiently            D．slowly

13.A．study                       B．family                            C．life                        D．work

14.A．equip                       B．pack                     C．provide                D．fill

15.A．When                      B．Why                     C．How                      D．Where

16.A．factors           B．advantages          C．steps                    D．ways

17.A．no more                  B．more or less                  C．no more than     D．more than

18.A．when                       B．before                           C．unless                            D．until

19.A．valued            B．failed                             C．caught                           D．made

20.A．give                          B．lose                      C．get                        D．need