It is_____ to write a letter, _______ to write history.

A. one; the other　　　　      B. one thing; another

C. some; some　　　　　　   D. this; that

A. one; the other　　　　      B. one thing; another

C. some; some　　　　　　   D. this; that

Johann Gutenberg, who worked as a goldsmith(金匠)，took what has already been discovered, and created a small invention that changed history. He created a machine that allowed him to move small blocks of letters in such a way that written material could be printed and mass-produced. Few people could read before Johann Gutenberg made the invention, but once books became less expensive, more Europeans could read and write.
Block printing existed long before Gutenberg. The Chinese had been using wood blocks to print books as early as 868, but a new set of woodcuts(木刻印版) had to be made for each book. Producing one book was not easy; producing all kinds of books was more difficult.
Writing ink dates from about 2500 BC in Egypt and China. Johann Gutenberg use an oil-base printing ink that would last longer than other inks used in his time. We don’t know much about Gutenberg because he was not famous during his lifetime. He was born in Germany about 1400. In 1448, Gutenberg developed signatures for each number, letter, and punctuation mark(标点符号). He then built the molds (模型) to hold the signatures in place. Johann Gutenberg published the first mass-produced book: a 1,282 page Bible. To this day, more copies of the Bible have been printed the any other book.
Copies of Gutenberg’s invention spread throughout Europe, but the German goldsmith did not get rich from his invention. Some officials denounced the invention of printing because they feared that it would spread bad ideas. By 1500 there 1,700 printing presses in Europe. The presses had already produced about 20 million volumes of 40,000 different books.

1. 1.

   What happened after Johann Gutenberg’s invention?

   1. A.
      People could afford to read books.
   2. B.
      People became interested in inventing.
   3. C.
      It was still difficult to print all kinds of books.
   4. D.
      Punctuation mark began to be used in printing.
2. 2.

   Compared with block printing in China, Johann Gutenberg’s method __________.

   1. A.
      was difficult to run.
   2. B.
      needed harder paper
   3. C.
      used a new kind of ink
   4. D.
      was put into use earlier
3. 3.

   The underlined word “denounced” in the paragraph means __________.

   1. A.
      fought against
   2. B.
      accepted
   3. C.
      laughed at
   4. D.
      supported
4. 4.

   What is the best title for the passage?

   1. A.
      A famous 1,282 page Bible
   2. B.
      The life of a famous inventor
   3. C.
      An invention that changed history
   4. D.
      The development of printing

If you and your friends wish to share a secret, you can write it in code, and no one else will be able to read it. Codes are one way of writing in secret. Ciphers (密码) are another. In a code each word is written as a secret code word or code number. In a cipher each letter is changed.

Codes and ciphers have played an important role in the history of the world. Julius Caesar, the Roman ruler who defeated almost all the countries in Europe about 2, 000 years ago, used a cipher when he sent secret messages to his troops. During the American Revolution, George Washington's spies used a kind of code to send him information about the enemy before his military action. In World War Ⅱ, the Americans "broke", or figured out, Japan's most important naval codes and got enough information to destroy a powerful Japanese fleet(舰队).

Storekeepers use codes to mark their goods. The codes show how much was paid for the goods or when they were added to the stock. Businessmen use codes to hide plans from their business enemies. Sometimes personal letters or diaries are written in code. Many people enjoy figuring out codes and ciphers simply as a hobby.

In the 16th century, codes and ciphers were very popular among scientists. They wrote messages to each other in code so that no one else would learn their secrets. Geronimo Gardano, an Italian astrologer(占星家), mathematician, and doctor, invented the trellis cipher. He took two sheets of paper and cut exactly the same holes in each one. Then he sent one sheet, which he called a trellis, to a friend and kept the other for himself. Whenever he wanted to write a message, he put his trellis over a clean sheet of paper and wrote the secret message through the holes. Then he removed the trellis and filled the rest of the paper with words that would make sense. When his friend received it, he put his trellis over the writing and read the secret message.

1. What does the underlined word "trellis"mean?

A. A piece of paper with many small holes.

B. A machine with a lot of small holes.

C. A letter with unreadable words and sentences.

D. A sheet of paper with groups of Arabic figures.

2. Which of the following statements is true?

A. Ciphers can be broken or figured out more easily than codes.

B. You could read some words in Geronimo' s letter without his trellis.

C. The first person who ever used a cipher in history was Julius Caesar.

D. Fondness of using codes was the hobby of the scientists in the 16th century.

3. The best title of this passage is________.

A. Codes and Ciphers

B. Differences between Codes and Ciphers

C. History of Codes and Ciphers

D. Inventors of Codes and Ciphers

If you and your friends wish to share a secret, you can write it in code, and no one else will be able to read it. Codes are one way of writing in secret. Ciphers （暗码） are another. In a code, each word is written as a secret code or code number. In a cipher each letter is changed.

    Codes and ciphers have played an important role in the history of the world. Julius Caesar, the Roman ruler who defeated almost all the countries in Europe about 2,000 years ago, used a cipher when he sent secret messages to his troops. During the American Revolution, George Washington’s spies used a kind of code to send him information about the enemy before his military（军事的） action. In World War II, the Americans “broke”, or figured out, Japan’s most important navy codes and got enough information to destroy a powerful Japanese fleet.

    Storekeepers use codes to mark their goods. The codes show how much was paid for the goods or when they were added to the stock（商品）. Businessmen use codes to hide plans from their business enemies. Sometimes personal letters or diaries are written in code. Many people enjoy figuring out codes and ciphers simply as a hobby.

    In the 16th century, codes and ciphers were very popular among scientists. They wrote messages to each other in code so that no one else would learn their secrets. Geronimo Gardano, an Italian astrologer（星相家）, mathematician, and doctor, invented the trellis cipher. He took to sheets of paper and cut exactly the same holes in each one. Then he sent one sheet, which he called a trellis, to a friend and kept the other for himself. Whenever he wanted to write a message, he put his trellis over a clean sheet of paper and wrote the secret message through the holes. Then he removed the trellis and filled the rest of the paper with words that would make sense. When his friend received it he put his trellis over the writing and read the secret message.

1．The best title of this passage is                  .

       A．Codes and Ciphers                               B．Differences between Codes and Ciphers

       C．History of Codes and Ciphers                D．Inventors of Codes and Ciphers

2．Which of the following statements is true?

       A．Ciphers can be broken or figured out more easily than codes.

       B．You could read some words in Geronimo’s letter without his trellis.

       C．The first person who ever used a cipher in history was Julius Caesar.

       D．Fondness of using codes was the hobby of the scientists in the 16^th century.

3．According to Geronimo Cardano, a trellis is                .

       A．a piece of paper with many small holes 

       B．a secret message with a lot of small holes

       C．a letter with unreadable words and sentences

       D．a sheet of paper with groups of Arabic figures

4．It is NOT mentioned in the passage that codes and ciphers are used for the purpose of       .

       A．military affairs                                     B．commercial secrets

       C．scientific achievements                D．personal enjoyment