Experts are finding your standard first aid response may be the worst thing you can do in an emergency.Here’s how to update your first aid kit.

　 CUTS AND SCRAPES

　 When the skin isn’t broken，it’s hard to beat iodine (碘酒) for killing bacteria.　　　

doctors use it to clean before surgery.But when there’s a cut，full?strength iodine and rubbing alcohol can be harmful to skin cells，preventing healing.Putting iodine on cuts and wounds kills bacteria，but it won’t clean the wound.The most effective way is washing the wound with water.

　 BURNS

　 If you spread some butter on the burn to ease the pain，it isn’t a good idea.Butter was thought to cool the burn，but it can cause infection and create an environment for bacterial growth.Run the burn under cool water immediately to help remove the heat and put an end to the damaging process. Wrap the burn with a bandage，and keep it clean and dry.If blisters (水泡) form，don’t break them.

　 POISONING

　 When a child swallows anything poisonous，parents probably think they’re well prepared if ipecac (催吐剂) is on hand.Wrong.Ipecac was thought to be a good way to treat a child who had swallowed a poisonous substance，but not any more because it doesn’t always remove the toxic substance.That may cause dehydration (脱水) and prevent doctors from giving other treatments.

　 EXCESS BLEEDING

　 Everyone learns how to stop bleeding with a tourniquet (止血带).But studies show this method causes more harm than good.Tourniquets can increase the risk of tissue damage or even the loss of a limb.Apply direct pressure to the wound.Simply place a clean cloth on the wound and press firmly；don’t remove the cloth，even if it gets black.If necessary，add more cloths.If that’s not enough，you can further slow the blood flow by applying pressure to the main artery (动脉) of the upper arm or leg.

1.What is the best title of the passage? (Please answer within 10 words.)

2.Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one?

　 However，by studying we know this method does more harm instead of doing more good.

　 3.Please fill in the blank with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence.(Please answer 　 within 5 words.)

　 4.What should we do in order to give useful first aids? (Please answer within 30 words.)

5.Translate the underlined sentence into Chinese.

　　First aid is emergency care for a victim of sudden illness or injury until more skillful medical treatment is available. First aid may save a life or improve certain vital signs including pulse, temperature, an unobstructed airway, and breathing. In minor emergencies, first aid may prevent a victim's condition from worsening and provide relief from pain. First aid must be administered as quickly as possible. In the case of the critically injured, a few minutes can make the difference between complete recovery and loss of life.

　　First-aid measures depend upon a victim's needs and provider's level of knowledge and skill. Knowing what not to do in an emergency is as important as knowing what to do. Improperly moving a person with a neck injury, for example, can lead to permanent spinal injury and paralysis.

　　Despite the variety of injuries possible, several principles of first aid apply to all emergencies. The first step is to call for professional medical help. The victim, if conscious, should be reassured that medical aid has been requested, and asked for permission to provide any first aid. Next, assess the scene, asking other people or the injured person's family or friends about details of the injury or illness, any care that may have already been given, and preexisting conditions such as diabetes or heart trouble. The victim should be checked for medical bracelet or card that describes special medical conditions. Unless the accident scene becomes unsafe or the victim may suffer further injury, do not move the victim.

　　First aid requires rapid assessment of victims to determine whether life-threatening conditions exist. One method for evaluating a victim's condition is known by the ABC, which stands for：

　　A- Airway：is it open and unobstructed? .

　　B- Breathing：is the person breathing? Look, listen, and feel for breathing.

　　C- Circulation：is there a pulse? Is the person bleeding externally? Check skin color and temperature for additional indications of circulation problems.

　　Once obvious injuries have been evaluated, the injured person's head should be kept in a neutral position in line with the body. If no evidence exists to suggest potential skull or spinal injury, place the injured person in a comfortable position. Positioned on one side, a victim can vomit without choking or obstructing the airway.

(1) It is very important in first aid to________.

[　　]

A．move the injured person from the scene' of accident immediately

B．spend a few minutes for making the difference between recovery and death

C．know what to do and what not to do according to the condition of the victim

D．remove the medical bracelet or card from the victim

(2) One of the following practices is NOT right in the first aid, that is________.

[　　]

A．to check whether the victim is breathing

B．to let the victim lie on one side

C．to telephone a hospital at once

D．to wait patiently for more skillful medical treatment before carrying on first aid

(3) The article implies that the provider of first aid should be especially careful ________.

[　　]

A．in handing the victim only if he learns that the victim has both diabetes and heart trouble

B．in handing the victim if he learns that the victim has diabetes or heart trouble

C．not to move the victim if he finds a medical bracelet on the victim

D．not to move the victim if he finds the accident scene to be unsafe

(4) According to this article, first aid is usually provided by_______.

[　　]

A．professional doctors

B．the victim's family members

C．the victim's friends

D．those people who are not necessarily professional doctors

(5) This article can be said to be one to_______.

[　　]

A．give basic knowledge about how to practice first aid

B．give a brief introduction to the history of first aid

C．give some knowledge to anyone who may be injured in an accident

　　　　　　　　 Outdoor Survival Provides Adventure Worldwide

Although there are no state controlled survival courses (生存课程) in Britain or the United States, there are various independent organizations offering similar activities.

Students can take part in outdoor training courses through university clubs and societies. Anyone can register (登记) with such groups, which then organize courses, training and trips for all members.

One of the most popular outdoor training progammes in both the US and Britain, is Outward Bound (户外训练). It was founded in 1941 in Wales and attracts hundreds of thousands of adventurous types each year.

The courses are intended to broaden minds through experiences that build confidence, self-esteem (自尊) and character. As well as specialist courses such as canoeing, leadership skills and sailing, participants(参加者) can take part in week long adventure training camps which include a host of sports and survival training education skills.

Michael Williams, an American student, took part in an Outward Bound course last year. He said: “We learned lots of first aid skills, lots of natural history, lots of environmental facts, and participated in a wildlife preservation(保护野生动物) programme. Beyond that, my favorite skills learned were sailing and rock climbing.”

Courses can last up to 40 days and are open to anyone over the age of 14. Students must be in general good health, but do not need to be experienced in outdoor-sports. There is no selection process; everyone is welcome, although new participants are advised to pick a course matching their physical capacity.

According to the leaders, such adventures are “an awaking, and exploration into the unknown.” Outward Bound believes that participants will “use mind and body traveling some of the Earth’s roughest wilderness area.”

1. The advantage of the training courses is that participants can ____.

A. make friends with each other   B. visit some places of interest

C. experience different adventures  D. learn how wonderful nature is

2. In an Outward Bound course last year, the most exciting experience Michael Williams had was _____.

A. learning first aid skills　　　　 B. collecting facts of environment

C. rock climbing and sailing　　  　　   D. preserving wildlife

3. What’s the writer’s purpose to write this passage?

A. To persuade readers to take part in the training courses.

B. To tell readers the danger of this training courses.

C. To describe the wonders of the world for readers.

D. To introduce the training course to readers.

Although there are no state controlled survival courses (生存课程) in Britain or the United States, there are various independent organizations offering similar activities.

Students can take part in outdoor training courses through university clubs and societies. Anyone can register (登记) with such groups, which then organize courses, training and trips for all members.

One of the most popular outdoor training progammes in both the US and Britain, is Outward Bound (户外训练). It was founded in 1941 in Wales and attracts hundreds of thousands of adventurous types each year.

The courses are intended to broaden minds through experiences that build confidence, self-esteem (自尊) and character. As well as specialist courses such as canoeing, leadership skills and sailing, participants(参加者) can take part in week long adventure training camps which include a host of sports and survival training education skills.

Michael Williams, an American student, took part in an Outward Bound course last year. He said: “We learned lots of first aid skills, lots of natural history, lots of environmental facts, and participated in a wildlife preservation(保护野生动物) programme. Beyond that, my favorite skills learned were sailing and rock climbing.”

Courses can last up to 40 days and are open to anyone over the age of 14. Students must be in general good health, but do not need to be experienced in outdoor-sports. There is no selection process; everyone is welcome, although new participants are advised to pick a course matching their physical capacity.

According to the leaders, such adventures are “an awaking, and exploration into the unknown.” Outward Bound believes that participants will “use mind and body traveling some of the Earth’s roughest wilderness area.”

1. The advantage of the training courses is that participants can ____.

A. make friends with each other   B. visit some places of interest

C. experience different adventures  D. learn how wonderful nature is

2. In an Outward Bound course last year, the most exciting experience Michael Williams had was _____.

A. learning first aid skills　　　　 B. collecting facts of environment

C. rock climbing and sailing　　  　　   D. preserving wildlife

3. What’s the writer’s purpose to write this passage?

A. To persuade readers to take part in the training courses.

B. To tell readers the danger of this training courses.

C. To describe the wonders of the world for readers.

D. To introduce the training course to readers.