The history of English Coins

English coins have developed and changed over time. In the early 1600s' coins were made using the hammer struck method. Hammered coins or cast coins where the primary way coins were made and thus limited the number of coins that may be placed into circulation (流通). Hammered coins were made as far back as the first millennium BC with continued in use until the 1500s to the 1700s. English coins underwent a change in about 1663.

Hammered English coins were made using a blank quantity of metal that was the required weight and placing it between two dies. A die is a mold (模子) that allows the metal to get cut to a certain size and shape.The metal die contained an image that when hammered without delay would mold the image on each side of the coin. The unit was customarily place on a log or other firm surface which was known as a pile. One person held the die while a second person struck it.

There were several issues with this kind of coin making. For one thing, it was extremely slow and work in depth. Comparatively few coins might be made and placed into circulation. A second problem was that hammered coins had many irregularities. When several coins were placed together in a container and shaken about they were damaged as well. That is why older English coins might have chips(缺口) and rough edges.

During the 17th century hammered coins were replaced with milled (轧有花边的) coins. While France was the first country to start producing coins that were made entirely by machine, Britain wasn't far behind. Britain, in fact, began to manufacture coins on a trial basis in the mid?1500s, but it wasn't until the end of 1662 that English coins were made completely by machine.

The screw press (螺旋压力机) was the first machine to produce coins as an alternative to hammered coins. Leonardo da Vinci was the person who invented the screw press in the 15th century. It was powered by a water mill. Early on efforts were made to protect the coins by edging. You'll see that English?made coins have milled edges.

Milled English coins were much more standard in size and shape as well. The speed at which milled coins could be created allowed the coin circulation to grow and a greater number of coin types to be developed.

English coins were used in this country during the royally period. Hammered coins were produced and used up through the end of the 18th century and were given out across the colonies. English coins went through quite a lot of changes as can be seen in old coins that have been started in the US over time.

__1.__of English coins????????????? Time & Major Events

Hammered

coins????????????? ◆The hammer struck method used to make coins has a history dating back to the first millennium BC.

◆At least two people are needed to carry out the work, with one _2.__the die and the other striking it.

◆__3._：

◆The number of coins made and placed into circulation this way was _4.__.

◆Older English coins were quite __5._，with many having chips and rough edges.

◆Such coins were placed into circulation across the colonies and __6._ in use through the end of the 18th century.

Milled coins????????????? During

the 15th

century????????????? ◆Leonardo da Vinci _7.__the screw press, the 1st machine to produce coins.

????????????? In the

mid?1500s????????????? Britain __8._manufacturing coins.

????????????? In the

17th

century????????????? ◆France became the first country to start producing coins made entirely by machine，_9.__ by Britain, whose machine?made coins were featured by milled edges, but were more regular in size and shape.

◆The coin circulation began to grow.

◆Milled coins appeared as a(n) __10._ to hammered coins.

    Many people who work in London prefer to live outside it, and to go to their offices, factories or schools every day by train, car or bus, even though this____1____they have to get up earlier in the morning and reach___2___later in the evening.

One benefit of living outside London is ____3__ houses are ____4___. Even a small flat in London ____5___ a garden costs quite a lot ___6____. With the same money, one can get a little house in the country (乡村) with a garden of___7___ own.

    Then, in the country one can be ____8___ from the noise and hurry of the town. __9_____ one has to get up earlier and spend more time in trains or buses, one can sleep____10__at night, and, during weekends and on summer evenings, one can enjoy the___11___clean air of the country. If one likes gardens, one can spend one’s___12___time digging, planting, watering and doing many other jobs which ___13___ in the garden. Then, when the flowers and vegetables ____14__, one has the reward (报偿) of a person ___15___ has shared the secrets of nature.

    Some people, however, take ___16___ in country things; for them, ___17___ lies in the town, with its cinemas and theatres, beautiful shops and busy streets, dance- halls and restaurants. Such people would feel that their life was not worth ___18___ if they had to live outside London. A walk in one of the parks and a visit ___19___the sea every summer is all the country they ___20___.

1．A．shows

B．expresses

C．means

D．requires

2．A．home

B．family

C．flat

D．house

3．A．because

B．that

C．the

D．all

4．A．cleaner

B．nicer

C．bigger

D．cheaper

5．A．with

B．without

C．near

D．opposite

6．A．money

B．to lend

C．to borrow

D．to hire

7．A．it’s

B．its

C．one’s

D．their

8．A．free

B．far

C．out

D．absent

9．A．If

B．Although

C．Because

D．After

10．A．little

B．less

C．longer

D．better

11．A．cold

B．arm

C．fresh

D．pleasant

12．A．day

B．rest

C．spare

D．whole

13．A．need

B．needed

C．be needing

D．are needed

14．A．come on

B．come to

C．come up

D．come over

15．A．who

B．whom

C．whose

D．which

16．A．no interest

B．an interest

C．much interest

D．great interest

17．A．health

B．happiness

C．wealth

D．future

18．A．to live

B．to spend

C．living

D．spending

19．A．for

B．to

C．Of

D．at

20.A．hope

B．wish

C．ask

D．want