In 1780 James Watt produced art efficient steam engine which powered 40 machines in a Glasgow factory． That date is normally taken as the beginning of the Industrial Age． Since then, industrial development has changed our way of life more and more． The revolution in communications, for example, has made the world seem much smaller． The invention of the telephones in 1876 by another Scotsman, Bell, and Marconi's first radio broadcast 19 years later were both important developments． But the Italian inventor’s early radios seem very primitive compared with modern portable radios． These were made possible by the invention of the transistor by W． B． Shockley in the USA in 1948． This device replaced the valve in radios．

　　There have been many changes in transport, too, since the development of the wheel, 6, 000 years ago． Daimler and Benz, both Germans, built one of the first practical petrol-driven motor cars in 1885． Only 18 years later, the Wright brothers, from America, flew their first plane．

　　Now, we have jets and, since the work of Christopher Cockerell in Britain in the 1950's, the hovercraft．

　　In medicine, the most significant advance came in 1928, when Sir Alexander Fleming, also an Englishman, discovered penicillin, which has saved countless lives since．

1．Which of these was invented or discovered first? Put them in order．

A．the telephone B． penicillin　　 C． the transistor D． the steam engine

E． radio　　　　F． the plane　　 G． the motor car H． the wheel

1_____ 2 ______ 3 ______ 4 _______ 5 _______ 6 _______ 7 _______ 8 _______

2．James Watt was _______

A．a Scottish engineer．　　 B． an English engineers

C．an Italian engineer．　　 D． a German engineer．

3．Our way of life has changed greatly ever since　　

A．James Watt produced an efficient steam engine．

B．the revolution in communications．

C．the discovery of penicillin．

D．we have jets．

4．Choose the right words to complete the sentences．

A．Bell 　　 the telephone in 1876．

B．Penicillin _____ _____ by Fleming in 1928．

C．Valves in radios have now been _____ by transistors．

D．One of the first practical petrol-driven motor cars _____ ______ by two German engineers．

The following card includes a brief summary and a short assessment of a research paper. It can provide a guide for further reading on the topic.
Trevor, C. O., Lansford, B. and Black, J. W., 2004, "Employeeturnover (人事变更) and job performance: monitoring the influences of salary growth and promotion", Journal of Armchair Psychology, vol. 113, no.1, pp. 56-64.
In this article Trevor et al. review the influences of pay and job opportunities in respect of job performance, turnover rates and employees' job attitude. The authors use data gained through organizational surveys of blue-chip companies in Vancouver, Canada to try to identify the main cause of employee turnover and whether it is linked to salary growth. Their research focuses on assessing a range of pay structures such as pay for performance and organizational reward plans. The article is useful as Trevor et al. suggest that there are numerous reasons for employee turnover and a variety of differences in employees' job attitude and performance. The main limitation of the article is that the survey sample was restricted to mid-level management, thus the authors indicate that further, more extensive research needs to be undertaken to develop a more in-depth understanding of employee turnover and job performance. As this article was published in a professional journal, the findings can be considered reliable. It will be useful additional information for the research on pay structures.
1. The research paper published is primarily concerned with    
A. the way of preventing employee turnover
B. methods of improving employee performance
C. factors affecting employee turnover and performance
D. pay structures based on employee performance
2. As is mentioned in the card, the limitation of the research paper mainly lies in that      .
A. the data analysis is hardly reliable
B. the research sample is not wide enough
C. the findings are of no practical value
D. the research method is out-of-date
3. Who might be most interested in this piece of information?
A. Job hunters.
B. Employees in blue-chip companies.
C. Mid-level managers.
D. Researchers on employee turnover.

To hitch-hike successfully in any country you must be able to do two things: attract attention and at the same time convince the driver at a glance that you do not intend to rob or murder him. To fulfill the first requirement you must have some mark to distinguish you at once from all other hikers. A serviceman, for instance, should wear his uniform, a student his scarf. In a foreign country an unmistakable indication of your own nationality will also arrest a driver’s attention.

When I hitch-hiked 9,500 miles across the United States and back recently I wore a well-tailored suit, a bowler hat and a trench coat, and carried a pencil-thin rolled black umbrella. My suitcase was decorated with British flags. Having plenty of luggage, moreover, I was not likely to be suspected of being a dangerous lunatic(精神病患者). I then had to get across to the driver the idea that I was a real traveler, and needed to get somewhere cheaply.

But even with careful preparation, you must not assume that the task will be easy. You should be prepared to wait a little, for there are drivers who confess to a fierce prejudice against, （not to say hatred of）, hitch-hikers, and would no more pick up a hiker than march from Aldermaston to London. In America, my average wait was half-an-hour, and my longest two hours, but I have heard of people waiting all day; they probably took less pains to make themselves easy to notice.

Nor must you assume that all the drivers who stop for you are nice, normal people. On one occasion I found myself driving with two boys of about nineteen who turned out to be on the run from the police, and were hoping to use me as an alibi. There are also lesser(较小的) risks: you may find yourself in the car of a Fascist fanatic, a Mormon missionary(传教士), or just a bad driver. You cannot tell, of course until you are in the car. But you soon learn the art of the quick excuse that gets you out again.w(w w.ks&5 u.c*o m

If the hitch-hiker in the U.S. will remember that he is seeking the willingness of drivers to give him a free ride, and is prepared to give in exchange entertainment and company, and not go to sleep, he will come across the remarkable, almost legendary, hospitality of American of the West. It will also help if he can drive—I think that I drove myself about 4,500 of those 9,500 miles I hitch-hiked in the States.

A hitch-hiking serviceman should wear his uniform       .

    A. so as not to look too unusual

    B. to attract attention

    C. to show he is on duty

    D. to put the driver at ease

In paragraph 3, we learn that the writer      .

A. has sometimes failed to hitch a ride

B. has marched from Aldermaston to London

C. has always been successful in hitching a ride

D. has had to wait for long hours for a ridew(w w.ks&5 u.c*o m

The main idea of Paragraph 4 is that       .

A. it is dangerous to be in a car with strangers

B. hitch-hiking may turn out to be risky sometimes

C. a hitch-hiker must also learn the art of quick excuse

D hitch-hikers might come across bad drivers

In the last paragraph, the writer mainly wants to tell us that a hitchhiker should      .

A. not talk to the driver too much

B. fall asleep to make it a peaceful ride

C. try to make himself pleasant and entertaining

D. seek the willingness of drivers

A suitable title for the passage would be      .

A. “The Art of Hitch-hiking”

B. “An Englishman’s View of the U.S.”

C. “An English Hitch-hiker”

     D. “The joys and Dangers of hitch-hiking

______ in 1885, this old car was the oldest one in the race.

单词拼写（共10小题；每小题0.5分，满分5分）
根据下列句子及所给单词的首字母，在答题卷上按题号写出各单词的正确形式（每空限填一词）。
【小题1】 C___________ drove me inside.
【小题2】 Fresh air is of great b___________ to our health.
【小题3】 It’s important to know your own strengths and w___________.
【小题4】China and Japan have mid-autumn festivals, when people a__________ the moon and in China, enjoy mooncakes
【小题5】Many a child ___________ to death in Africa because of the lack of food last century.
【小题6】 At the beginning of the year, farmers usually have a lot of a___________ work to do.
【小题7】 The c__________ of some European countries are quite different from ours.
【小题8】 Without p___________, you cannot take photos here.
【小题9】 He managed to save the d___________ girl, which was praised by many people.
【小题10】The famous “ Oprah Winfrey Show” is b___________ live every Friday on CNN.