四．语法填空（共10小题，每小题1分，满分10分）

（China Daily 09/29/2008）The Shenzhou VII astronauts Liu Boming, Zhai Zhigang and Jing Haipeng all returned safe and sound at 5:37 pm yesterday afternoon with a solid touchdown in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region. The process was broadcast live    36   national television.

Spaceship commander and spacewalker Zhai Zhigang told China Central Television shortly after he and his crew   37    (help) out of the re-entry capsule: "It was a glorious mission(使命), full of challenges with a perfect ending. I feel   38   (pride) of our motherland."

The three heroic astronauts will have to wait   39    this morning before they can return to their homes. Before then, they were arranged for a full night's rest in Hohhot, the capital of Inner Mongolia.

Zhai, a 42-year-old astronaut from Heilongjiang Province, got his place in the history books with   40   20-minute spacewalk on Saturday. "Greetings to the Chinese people and the people of the world," Zhai said as he floated out of Shenzhou VII   41   (slow). Liu stayed inside the orbital module to help him   42    Jing monitored the operation from the re-entry capsule.www.7caiedu.cn

President Hu Jintao watched the spacewalk from the Beijing center   43    a number of other State leaders. Shortly afterward, Hu told the astronauts in a televised telephone exchange: "Your   44   (succeed) represents a breakthrough in our manned space program, the motherland and the people are   45   (thank) to you."

Here is some news of the future.

March 20, 2035

There was a lot of news around the life extension drugs that hit the market a decade ago. They didn't promise that you would like forever, but they gave you a chance to extend your life an extra five to ten years. Even though the life expectancy rate at birth has increased greatly, the life expectancy for seniors hasn't improved that much. Basically, you have a greater chance to become a senior, but you will not have a much longer lifespan, and this is where the anti-aging drugs intend to kick in. So, do the anti-aging drugs work? Well，it is too early to tell. But the sales so far are very good.

April 19, 2035

Of the total US population of 378 million, people over 65 years of age now make up 20% for the first time. The senior ratio of only 4.1% by year 1900, and 12.4% 30 years ago.

The number of people above 65 compared to those of what is considered working ages, between 15 and 64, is currently 33.7%. This is up from 18.5% since year 2005, which means that for every retired person there are now two workers, compared to four workers 30 years ago. The number of people above the age of 80 has grown to 23.8 million, making them 6.3% of the total population compared to 3.6% in 2005.

April 12, 2040

Although introduced in the market only five years ago, 10% of all hydrogen fuel now sold in the US is of the environmentally friendly Re-Hydro label, produced through eletrolysis(电解) based on a source of 100% renewable energy. Several producers have turned to producing Re-Hydro, mainly because of lower tax, which also keeps the price of Re-Hydro on the same level as regular hydrogen. Most analysts believe that Re-Hydro will be the dominating fuel in the future.

1.According to News 1 we know that the life extension drugs ____.

A．were first sold in the year 2025.

B．are made to make people live forever.

C．should be taken when people are young.

D．have greatly increased the life expectancy rate at birth.

2.The sales of the life extension drugs so far clearly show that_____.

A．people have no faith in them

B．people want to give them a try

C．they work very well for seniors

D．they have no effect on people’s health

3.What can we learn from News 2?

A．Many Americans will find it hard to find a job.

B．It’s very hard for seniors to pass the age of 80.

C．The US population has been increasing rapidly since 2005.

D．The US population has been aging rapidly since 2005.

4.We can know from the passage that the fuel of the Re-Hydro label is ______.

A．expensive         B．cheap            C．green            D．dangerous

5.What can we infer from News 3?

A．Re-Hydro will be widely used in the future.

B．The government discourages the production of Re-Hydro.

C．Producers are not interested in producing Re-Hydro.

D．Re-Hydro is more expensive than regular hydrogen.

Abuse can be defined as “to treat wrongfully or harmfully”. There are different categories of abuse that have been recognized and within our case study there appear to be two distinct forms of abuse, family abuse and child abuse. These can be subdivided into terms of physical abuse and psychological abuse. Physical abuse is the intentional physical injury or harm or deliberately not preventing harm occurring. The minimum physical signs seen in our study of James are bruises but they might feel more painful to his heart than the more serious invisible injuries. Emotional abuse is the continual failure to meet basic emotional needs. Emotional development is prevented and well-being harmed. The emotional signs in our case study can be seen in James by his actions of being withdrawn and non-communicative. The behavioural sign to abuse taking place to James is his aggressive behaviour.
The short term effect of physical abuse on James is physical pain. In the long term, injuries that often happen can result in secondary illness and complications, permanent scars or even disabilities. His emotional effects in the short term are a fear of people, withdrawal, and poor relationship with others. The long term emotional effects could be low self-respect, depression, inability to form relationships.
Abuse can arise for many reasons and there are a number of theoretical views which may be useful in clarifying why the abuse has taken place. The female view believes that sex and family roles give approval to a culture of abuse. Considering the historical and fixed ideas, men have power and control. In James’ case he lives in a re-constructed family with the father being rude and a heavy drinker. From a psychological angle, alcohol misuse can bring mental health problems which may increase aggression in the person and so James is more at risk from abuse by his stepfather. The relationship between the mother and James involves a dependency of James on his mother. With other problems in James’ mother’s life, this leads to increasing stress and the inability of his mother to cope with and manage a family with four children borne by two mothers. The attachment theory states that significant separations of a child from the carer in the early years can have an effect on their emotional development and can lead to psychological and social difficulties in later life. The loss of both his father and his half sister’s father with whom he lives may have contributed to his behaviour.
Abusive behaviour can sometimes be the result of mental health problems, brain damage or being abused themselves. By becoming the abuser they believe they are taking control; some even believe that they are not doing anything wrong and cannot stop themselves. When working with individuals who have abused, it is important to be aware that they may go on to abuse again and there is a need to protect the community from the abuser.
【小题1】Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “bruises” in Paragraph 1?

第二部分   阅读理解

（共25小题。第一节每小题2分，第二节每小题1分；满分45分）

第一节   阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

D

When people lose legs after accidents or illnesses, emergency care and artificial limbs（假肢）often allow them to walk again. Newts （蝾螈） in the same situation, on the other hand, can grow limbs back on their own! Scientists have known for a long time that certain animals can re–grow limbs, but they haven’t quite figured out how these creatures do it.

  Researchers have now come up with some new ideas. Their work may give people the ability to re – grow lost limbs. The researchers started with two simple experiments：when you cut a newt’s leg at the ankle, only the foot grows back；when you cut off a leg at the very end, the whole leg grows back. In both cases, the re–growth begins with stem cells. Stem cells can develop into nearly any type of cell in the body.

How do a newt’s stem cells know when to grow only a foot and when to re–grow a whole leg?

This question relates to another mystery. In newts, a cut–off leg will grow back only if the nerve bundle（神经束）in it also grows back , but if something prevents the nerve bundle from growing, the stem cells at the wound won’t re–grow a new leg.

In its study, a British team focused on a protein called nAG. When the team prevented nerves in a limb from growing, but added the nAG protein to stem cells in the limb, the limb still re–grew. That protein seems to guide limb re–growth. People have proteins that are similar to nAG. Further research into these materials may someday help human limbs recover by themselves.

In the experiments, the researchers cut off a newt’s foot or leg to find out _____.

 A. what stem cells were                  B. whether they would grow back

 C. how long it would take to re–grow    D. how they would re – grow

A newt will re–grow its leg if _____.

 A. its ankle was cut off but the nerve bundle was good

 B. its leg was cut off and the nerve bundle stopped growing

C. its leg was cut off and the nerve bundle could grow back

D. its ankle and the nerve bundle were cut off

What do the underlined words “these materials” refer to?

A. Nerve bundles and proteins.            B. Proteins similar to nAG.

 C. Stem cells and proteins.              D. Stem cells and nerve bundles.

The first sentence of the passage _____.

 A. acts as a lead–in                  

B. shows where researchers got their new ideas

C. states the author’s opinion          

D. describes the result of researchers’ studies

Going Zero Waste means more than just managing the rubbish we create．It means reducing it too．While it might seem like a difficult thing to do, it's well worth it．And what better time to start than Christmas?

We need to copy the way Nature wastes nothing．Many things are created by human society that we know will soon become useless and be thrown out．How many plastic bottles or even PCs end up in the rubbish bin? Instead，we should design products that can be more easily repaired，reused and recycled．

Kamikatsu, a Japanese village，has already gone Zero Waste．The 2，000 villagers compost their leftovers，and recycle everything else．There are 34 different boxes at the re-cycling centre! Residents grumble about the inconvenience，but they also see the benefits．

People who live Zero Waste lives are careful about what they do．They never take more than they need．Reusing plastic bags at supermarkets is a great way to reduce waste．And those who plan before they shop avoid having to throw food out later．Also，it’s best not to go food shopping when you’re hungry：You’ll be sure to buy too much!

Let’s think about how to enjoy a Zero Waste Christmas．By sending recyclable cards，we can help our friends and family reduce waste．And what better way to enjoy the spirit of Christmas than with a real tree that can be replanted in the spring?

Going Zero Waste requires us to think more about what happens before and after we act．It takes ambition，and it's not always easy．But just think how good it would be，both for ourselves and for the environment, if we never had to waste anything．

1.When is this passage probably written?

2.What should we do to reduce waste according to the passage?

3.If we want to live Zero Waste lives we should do the following except        .

4.What’s the main purpose of this passage?